trip rate adalah

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• 04. LECTURERS ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES

ANALISIS BANGKITAN PERJALANAN DENGAN METODE TRIP-RATE ANALYSIS (STUDI KASUS: PENGEMBANGAN HOTEL SHERATON MUSTIKA YOGYAKARTA)

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Trip generation

What is trip generation .

A trip is usually defined in transport modeling as a single journey made by an individual between two points by a specified mode of travel and for a defined purpose. Trips are often considered as productions of a particular land-use and attracted to other specified land-uses. The number of trips arises in unit time, usually for a specified zonal land use , is called the trip generation rate.

How to estimate trip generation ?

Trip generation is estimated in three ways:

(i) traditionally by linear and multiple regression

(ii) by aggregating the trip generating capability of a household or car and aggregating the total according to the distribution of each selected category in the zones, and

(iii) by household classification method through a catalogue of the characteristic mean trip rates for specific types of household.

The attraction points are identified as trip generated by work, and other purpose visits. By assigning suitable values to the independent variables of the regression equations forecasts can be made of the future trip ends for zones by either method.

Trip distribution :Trip generation estimates the number and types of trips originating and terminating in zones. Trip distribution is the process of computing the number of trips between one zone and all other. A trip matrix is drawn up with the sums of rows indicating the total number of trips originating in zone i and the sums of columns the total number of destinations  attracted to zone j.

Each cell in the matrix indicates the number of trips that go from each origin zone to each destination zone. The trips on the diagonal are intra-zonal trips, trips that originate and end in the same zone. The balancing equation is implemented in a series of steps that include modeling the number of trips originating in each cases, adding in trips originating from outside the study area(external trips), and statistically balancing the origins and destinations.

This is done in the trip generation stage. But, it is essential that the step should have been completed for the trip distribution to be implemented. Two trip distribution matrices need to be distinguished. The first is the observed distribution. This is the actual number of trips that are observed traveling between each origin zone and each destination zone. It is calculated by simply enumerating the number of trips by each origin-destination combination. It is also called trip-link. The second distribution is a model of the trip distribution matrix, called the predicted distribution.

Generally trips should be distributed over the area proportionally to the attractiveness of activities and inversely proportional to the travel resistances between areas. It is assumed that the trips between zones will be by the most direct or cheapest routes and, taking each zone in turn, a minimum path is traced out to all other zones to form a minimum path tree. The trip distribution is a model of travel between zones-trips or links. The modeled trip distribution can then be compared to the actual distribution to see whether the model produces a reasonable approximation.

Read about:  Zoning of Land for OD Survey , Traffic Volume Count , Origin Destination Survey Methods

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Cara Menghitung Biaya Perjalanan (Cost per Mile)

Bagaimana cara menghitung biaya perjalanan (Cost per Mile) ? dan apa manfaatnya? Berikut kami rangkum pada pembahasan di bawah ini.

• Tentukan jarak tempuh
• Catat semua variabel pengeluaran
• Bagi jumlah pengeluaran dengan jarak tempuh

Mengetahui biaya perjalanan (Cost per Mile) Anda sangat penting karena hal ini berarti mengungkapkan pola pengeluaran Anda dan membantu Anda untuk melihat di area mana Anda dapat memotong biaya. Hal ini membantu Anda menetapkan harga transportasi yang adil, sehingga Anda tidak kehilangan uang untuk setiap muatan. Berikut adalah bagaimana Anda dapat menghitung biaya perjalanan (Cost per Mile).

1. Tentukan jarak tempuh

Langkah pertama adalah dengan memilih kerangka waktu untuk perhitungan Anda. Jika ini adalah pertama kalinya Anda menghitung biaya per mil maka pertimbangkan untuk memilih periode waktu yang lebih pendek (seperti satu hari atau minggu) sehingga Anda akan memiliki angka yang lebih kecil untuk dikerjakan dan lebih sedikit data untuk dikumpulkan.

Selanjutnya, Anda dianjurkan untuk memilih jangka waktu yang lebih lama yang masuk akal untuk bisnis Anda dan selaras dengan cara Anda melacak metrik bisnis lainnya dalam jangka waktu tertentu, seperti bulanan atau tahunan. 

Alat odometer dapat membantu Anda mengetahui berapa mil yang telah kendaraan Anda tempuh pada bulan tertentu. Gunakan rumus ini berikut ini: pembacaan odometer akhir bulan – pembacaan odometer awal bulan = total mil (jarak tempuh).

2. Catat semua variabel pengeluaran

Pengeluaran Anda dapat dipecah menjadi biaya tetap, biaya variabel, dan biaya gaji. Biaya tetap, atau pengeluaran tetap, adalah apa yang Anda bayar setiap bulan, baik Anda berkendara 10 mil, 1.500 mil, atau tidak sama sekali. Biaya ini termasuk, pembayaran/sewa kendaraan, asuransi, plat nomor, dan perizinan.

Lacak pengeluaran Anda menggunakan periode waktu yang sama yang Anda pilih untuk melacak jarak tempuh Anda. Anda dapat melakukan ini dengan membuat daftar masing-masing biaya tetap Anda untuk periode waktu tersebut. Kemudian, jumlahkan pengeluaran tersebut untuk menentukan total biaya pengeluaran tetap Anda. Ikuti proses yang sama persis ini untuk pengeluaran jenis lainnya. Lalu, tambahkan total pengeluaran tetap dan pengeluaran lainnya untuk menghitung total pengeluaran Anda.

3. Bagi jumlah pengeluaran dengan jarak tempuh

Langkah terakhir adalah menghitung biaya per mil menjadi persamaan sederhana setelah Anda mengetahui jarak tempuh dan total pengeluaran Anda. Bagilah total pengeluaran Anda dengan jumlah total jarak tempuh, dan hasilnya adalah biaya per mil Anda.

Hitung biaya per mil (Cost per mile) Anda dengan rumus ini:

Total pengeluaran/Total mil = Total biaya per mil

Misalnya, hasil pembacaan odometer Anda atau jarak tempuh pada bulan ini adalah 9.901. Kemudian, hasil penjumlahan semua biaya pengeluaran adalah sebesar Rp 180 juta.

Maka hasil biaya per mil Anda adalah 180000000/9901= Rp 18.179.

Hal ini berarti bahwa biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk setiap 1 mil jarak yang ditempuh kendaraan adalah sebesar Rp 18.179.

Menghitung Cost per Mile dapat menunjukkan apakah Anda akan mendapat untung berdasarkan tarif saat ini yang dibayarkan kepada Anda. Serta memberi tahu Anda tentang kinerja bisnis Anda dan membantu Anda membuat keputusan bisnis yang lebih baik.

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The Fed may soon cut interest rates. That could make your next trip abroad more expensive.

The U.S. Federal Reserve may start  cutting interest rates  before year’s end. That could make future trips abroad  more expensive  for the nation’s travelers.

That’s due to how interest-rate policy affects the strength of the U.S. dollar.

Here’s the basic idea: An environment of rising U.S. interest rates relative to those in other nations is generally “dollar positive,” said Jonathan Petersen, senior markets economist and foreign exchange specialist at Capital Economics.

In other words, rising rates underpin a stronger U.S. dollar versus foreign currencies. Americans can buy more stuff with their money overseas.

The opposite dynamic — falling interest rates — tends to be “dollar negative,” Petersen said. A weaker dollar means Americans can buy less abroad.

Fed officials in June signaled they  expect to cut rates  once in 2024 and four additional times in 2025.

“Our expectation for now is the dollar will come under more pressure next year,” Petersen said.

However, that’s not necessarily a foregone conclusion. Some financial experts think the dollar’s strength may have staying power.

“There have been quite a few headlines calling for the U.S. dollar’s demise,” Richard Madigan, chief investment officer at J.P. Morgan Private Bank,  wrote  in a recent note. “I continue to believe the dollar remains the one-eyed man in the land of the blind.”

Why the U.S. dollar gives a ‘discount’ overseas

The Fed  started raising  interest rates aggressively in March 2022 to tame high pandemic-era inflation. By July 2023, the central bank had raised rates to their  highest level  in 23 years.

The dollar’s strength surged against that backdrop.

The  Nominal Broad U.S. Dollar Index  is higher than at any pre-pandemic point dating to at least 2006, when the central bank started tracking such data. The index gauges the dollar’s appreciation relative to currencies of the nation’s main trading partners such as the  euro , the Canadian dollar and the  Japanese yen .

For example, in July 2022, the U.S. dollar  reached parity  with the euro for the first time in 20 years, meaning they had a 1:1 exchange rate. (The euro has since rebounded a bit.)

In early July, the U.S. dollar hit its  strongest level  against the yen in 38 years.

A strong U.S. dollar gives “a discount on everything you’re purchasing while you’re abroad,” Petersen said.

“In a sense, it’s never been cheaper to go to Japan,” he added.

A record number of Americans  visited Japan  in April, according to the Asian nation’s tourism board. Benjamin Atwater, a communications specialist at InsideAsia Tours, a travel agency, attributes that partly to the  financial incentive  bestowed by a strong dollar.

In fact, he personally recently extended a work trip to Japan by a week and a half — instead of opting to travel elsewhere in Asia — largely because of the favorable exchange rate.

Everything from meals, hotels, souvenirs and the rental car were a “great value,” said Atwater, who lives in Denver and has long wanted to travel to Japan.

“It was always portrayed as one of the most expensive places you can go, [but] I was getting some of best steaks I’ve ever had for like $12,” he said.

How interest rates affect the U.S. dollar

In reality, the dynamics driving dollar fluctuations are more complex than whether the Fed raises or lowers interest rates.

The differential in U.S. rates versus other nations is what’s significant, economists said. Fed policy doesn’t exist in a vacuum: Other central banks are also simultaneously making interest-rate choices.

The European Central Bank  cut interest rates  in June, for example. Meanwhile, the Fed has kept rates higher for longer than many forecasters anticipated — meaning the rate differential between the U.S. and Europe has widened, helping support the dollar.

“The Fed’s on hold, other central banks are getting ready to ease and the Bank of Japan (BoJ) seems stuck in a moment,” J.P. Morgan’s Madigan wrote.

“If Japan wants the yen to stabilize, policy rates need to move higher,” he added. “That doesn’t appear to be happening anytime soon. With the ECB expected to cut ahead of the Fed, I expect current euro weakness to also prevail.”

This is happening against the backdrop of a relatively strong U.S. economy, which also generally supports a strong dollar, Petersen said. At a high level, a strong economy means there will generally be higher economic growth and/or inflation, which means a greater likelihood the Fed will keep interest rates relatively high, he said.

A strong economy also typically incentivizes foreigners to park more money in the U.S., he said.

For example, investors generally get a better return on cash when interest rates are high. If an investor in Europe or Asia were getting perhaps 1% or 2% on bank account holdings while such holdings in the U.S. were  yielding 5% , that investor might shift some money to the U.S., Petersen said.

Or, an investor might want more to hold more of their portfolio in U.S. rather than European stocks if the economic growth outlook wasn’t good in Europe, he said.

In such cases, foreigners buy dollar-denominated financial assets. They’d sell their local currency and buy the dollar, a process that ultimately bids up the dollar’s strength, Petersen said.

Exchange rates “all come down to capital flows,” he said.

While these dynamics also hold true in emerging markets, currency fluctuations can be more volatile than in developed nations due to factors like political shocks and risks to commodity prices like those of oil, he added.

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