![case study on tourism case study on tourism](https://www.ces.ncsu.edu/wp-content/themes/extension-16/banners/16x5/tourism-july-2017.jpg)
![](http://doctruyen.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
Tourism Extension
![case study on tourism Have a Question](https://brand.ces.ncsu.edu/images/logos/have-a-question_2020_240x147.png)
- Destination Leadership Resources
Sustainable Tourism Case Studies
El inglés es el idioma de control de esta página. En la medida en que haya algún conflicto entre la traducción al inglés y la traducción, el inglés prevalece.
Al hacer clic en el enlace de traducción se activa un servicio de traducción gratuito para convertir la página al español. Al igual que con cualquier traducción por Internet, la conversión no es sensible al contexto y puede que no traduzca el texto en su significado original. NC State Extension no garantiza la exactitud del texto traducido. Por favor, tenga en cuenta que algunas aplicaciones y/o servicios pueden no funcionar como se espera cuando se traducen.
Inglês é o idioma de controle desta página. Na medida que haja algum conflito entre o texto original em Inglês e a tradução, o Inglês prevalece.
Ao clicar no link de tradução, um serviço gratuito de tradução será ativado para converter a página para o Português. Como em qualquer tradução pela internet, a conversão não é sensivel ao contexto e pode não ocorrer a tradução para o significado orginal. O serviço de Extensão da Carolina do Norte (NC State Extension) não garante a exatidão do texto traduzido. Por favor, observe que algumas funções ou serviços podem não funcionar como esperado após a tradução.
English is the controlling language of this page. To the extent there is any conflict between the English text and the translation, English controls.
Clicking on the translation link activates a free translation service to convert the page to Spanish. As with any Internet translation, the conversion is not context-sensitive and may not translate the text to its original meaning. NC State Extension does not guarantee the accuracy of the translated text. Please note that some applications and/or services may not function as expected when translated.
The Sustainable Tourism Case Studies Clearinghouse aims to provide examples of how the tourism industry is addressing a variety of challenges – from workforce housing to coastal degradation. NC State University students have designed these case studies to highlight solutions from tourism destinations across the United States and around the world, so community leaders and tourism stakeholders can adapt solutions to fit the unique challenges of their destination.
NC State students want to know what sustainable tourism challenges you are facing. Solutions to these challenges will be shared in the NC State Extension Sustainable Tourism Case Study Clearinghouse. Share the challenges you’d like solutions for HERE with a brief survey .
![case study on tourism Beach plants landscape with houses in the background](https://tourism.ces.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/lhousin-1024x682.jpg)
Photo: NC State University
Case Studies
- Voluntary Visitor Fee Programs (2024)
- Policies and Planning Strategies for Tourism Workforce Housing (2023)
- Use of Oyster Reefs to Reduce Coastal Degradation in Tourism Destination Communities (2023)
Current Student Researchers
![case study on tourism Portrait of young women](https://tourism.ces.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/charanya-150x150.jpeg)
The development of these case studies are supported with the NC State College of Natural Resource’s Lighthouse Fund for Sustainable Tourism.
Share this Article
UN Tourism | Bringing the world closer
- All Regions
Overtourism? New UNWTO Report Offers Case Studies to Tackle Challenges
Share this content.
- Share this article on facebook
- Share this article on twitter
- Share this article on linkedin
PR No. : PR 19016
Madrid, Spain, 6 March 2019 – The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) released today the report ‘Overtourism’? Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth Beyond Perceptions: Case Studies’, choosing ITB Berlin as the fitting backdrop to address a pressing topic before the global tourism sector. The report provides examples of specific measures being implemented in cities across the Americas, Asia and the Pacific and Europe.
“Urban tourism is multifaceted and requires a city-wide strategy with cooperation between all stakeholders and the inclusion of tourism in the urban agenda”, said UNWTO Secretary-General Zurab Pololikashvili. “Sustainable and inclusive cities must mean creating cities for all: citizens, investors and visitors”, he addedd.
As acomplement to the conceptual approach, the report presented today looks into concrete case studies from Amsterdam, Antwerp, Barcelona, Berlin, Besalú, Cambridge, Dubrovnik, Edinburgh, Ghent, Hangzhou, London, Lucerne, Macao (China), New York, Lisbon, Seoul, Porto, Prague and Venice,.
The examples show that there is no ‘one-size fits all’ measure to tackle overtourism, and that any successful destination management strategy needs to be context specific. Although this might not come as a surprise, there is a connecting thread between the fundamental challenges: congestion in specific locations and sites at specific moments, mobility, pressure on infrastructure and resources, decrease in ‘place’ authenticity and impact on social fabrics and residents daily lives.
Consequently, the most common measures currently being implemented by destinations relate to the dispersal of visitors within the city and beyond, showing the pressing need to manage tourism congestion in certain areas and attractions. Measures with the aim of improving the city infrastructure and facilities are also frequently mentioned, reflecting the fact that many challenges are linked not only to the growing number of visitors but also to the pressure placed by residents, commuters and tourists on the city’s resources and services.
The Overtourism reports were produced in collaboration with the Centre of Expertise Leisure, Tourism & Hospitality (CELTH), Breda University of Applied Sciences, and the European Tourism Futures Institute (ETFI) of NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences.
Useful links:
UNWTO report ‘‘Overtourism’? Understanding and managing urban tourism growth beyond perceptions’
‘Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions – Volume 2: Case Studies
Download PDF:
Overtourism Factsheet Volume 2
Tel: (+31) 76 533 2325 / [email protected]
UNWTO Communications Department
Tel: (+34) 91 567 8100 / Fax: +34 91 567 8218 / [email protected]
Follow us on Facebook , Twitter , Instagram , YouTube , LinkedIn and Flickr .
Related Content
Kingdom of morocco wins high-level vote to host next wo..., tourism has ‘life-changing potential’ - world tourism o..., the world tourism organization and globalia launch the ..., world tourism organization general assembly opens with ....
Smart tourism destinations really make sustainable cities: Benidorm as a case study
International Journal of Tourism Cities
ISSN : 2056-5607
Article publication date: 26 July 2022
Issue publication date: 16 March 2023
Tourism sustainability is a challenge for 21st-century destinations – this paper aims to analyse smart destinations' sustainability through a case study of Benidorm, the first world destination to be certified under the UNE 178501 standard as smart tourism destination (STD).
Design/methodology/approach
The methodological component has been divided into developing a framework for measuring sustainability through economic, social and environmental open data. Moreover, studying the plan's contribution “Benidorm, Destino Turístico Inteligente y Sostenible” to the city's sustainability through a time series analysis.
The main contribution shows that Benidorm's transformation into an STD leads to more sustainable cities. Thus, the conversion of Benidorm into an STD has a sustained effect in the medium and long term, contributing to the sustainability of the city.
Research limitations/implications
An open question as a limitation is the subjectivity of the distribution of the relative weight of each indicator. However, statistical analyses are developed to explore the relationship between indicators and global sustainability.
Practical implications
The debate to contextualise this paper is bridging the gap between sustainability and tourism intelligence, giving an original framework for measuring destination sustainability that provides a reasonable starting point for comparing tourism sustainability in different destinations.
Social implications
Tourists in the 21st century prefer environmentally friendly tourism. Marketing campaigns based on destination sustainability must be based on data rather than mere slogans.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the originality of this paper provides a flexible framework for measuring sustainability from open data sources, being one of the first empirical analyses to study the effects on the sustainability of converting a mature destination into an STD.
- Smart destinations
- Tourism marketing
- Sustainability data science
- Time-series analysis
- Urban sustainability science
- Smart tourism destinations
Aguirre, A. , Zayas, A. , Gómez-Carmona, D. and López Sánchez, J.A. (2023), "Smart tourism destinations really make sustainable cities: Benidorm as a case study", International Journal of Tourism Cities , Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-01-2022-0006
Emerald Publishing Limited
Copyright © 2022, Alexander Aguirre, Antonio Zayas, Diego Gómez-Carmona and José Antonio López Sánchez.
Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
1. Introduction
Globally, tourism is critical for achieving the much-needed economic recovery in the post-COVID-19 era. However, many of the industry's challenges before the Pandemic demand shock are still pending, especially when it comes to a necessary paradigm shift towards a new tourism model based on smart and sustainable growth. Among the lessons to be learned from the health and economic crisis, the success of a tourism model is not only measured by the number of tourists it receives annually. However, offering quality tourism capable of reducing the environmental impact of these activities on the territory, maximising the economic and socio-cultural implications, improving the experiences of tourists and visitors and the standard of living of citizens.
To achieve these objectives, the concept of the smart tourism destination (STD) has emerged strongly in recent years, linked to the development of smart cities ( Boes, Buhalis, & Inversini, 2015 ; Buhalis & Amaranggana, 2015 ; Gretzel, Sigala, Xiang, & Koo, 2015 ; Ivars-Baidal, Celdrán Bernabéu, & Femenia-Serra, 2017 ), although the main goal is the intensive use of technology to enhance the travel experience, in addition to increasing the quality of the services provided by destinations. Technology alone does not make a destination smart. A profound modernisation process is needed at all levels, starting with the city's tourism intelligence strategy, which should lead to a new destination model that is more innovative, accessible and sustainable in its three aspects (economic, socio-cultural and environmental).
This paper's aim is not to list the bibliographical sources on these concepts again, as this work has been done satisfactorily by recognised authors before. Instead, the contribution comes from a more critical point of view, focusing on the gaps in the practical implications ( Perles Ribes & Ivars-Baidal, 2018 ; Coca-Stefaniak, 2020 ; Coca-Stefaniak & Seisdedos, 2020 ; Day, Morrison, & Coca-Stefaniak, 2021 ; Femenia-Serra & Ivars-Baidal, 2021 ; Marinello, Butturi, Gamberini, & Martini, 2021 ). Recognising, therefore, that the term STD is an ambitious concept, with significant development opportunities but which has not yet achieved some of its fundamental objectives, the most prominent of which is the sustainability of tourist destinations.
Thus, many international tourist destinations have started to work towards this goal, including Benidorm, the subject of the case study. Benidorm is a Spanish municipality in the province of Alicante, in the Valencian Community. It is located on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, in the Marina Baja region and is the most densely populated municipality with a population density of 1792 inhabitants/km 2 ( Figure 1 ).
In 1956, the Town Council approved the town planning to create a town conceived for leisure, based on wide avenues following the configuration of the beaches, an urban planning model related to the pioneering tourism at the time. From that moment on, there was a decisive shift from traditional activities (fishing and agriculture) towards the tertiary sector, led by tourism, which has become the basis of the town's prosperity since then and to this day. Benidorm is an eminently touristic city thanks to its climate and average temperatures, which oscillate all year round between 10°C in winter and 26°C in summer. Benidorm has undergone an extraordinary urban transformation since the middle of the 20th century. Known as the “New York of the Mediterranean”, Benidorm is the city with the most skyscrapers in Spain or the city with the most skyscrapers per inhabitant in the world. It is one of the most important and well-known tourist destinations in Spain and the whole of the Mediterranean thanks to its beaches and leisure activities, reaching a population of 400,000 in summer. It is not in vain that Benidorm is the third city with the most hotel beds in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona.
The instrument used by Benidorm to become a STD is called the Plan “Benidorm, Destino Turístico Inteligente y Sostenible” and has been carried out during the years 2015–2020. This Plan has meant a significant effort with a budget of €4,023,058.74, contributed 60% by Red.es and 40% by Benidorm Town Council, co-financed by the European Development Fund (ERDF) through the Spanish Multi-regional Operational Programme (POPE). This call is part of the National Plan for Smart Territories in Spain, giving continuity to the previous National Plan for Smart Cities.
The general objective of this Plan has been to consolidate the transformation of Benidorm as a tourist destination into a STD. Taking advantage of innovation and technology to turn the city into a territory accessible to all and guaranteeing a sustainable tourism model.
to increase the interoperability of the different administrations and agents in Benidorm, promote transparent and universal access to the public data of the services (both for consultation and reuse) by citizens, visitors, professionals and companies, encouraging business growth and entrepreneurship with these actions;
create a centre for the control, analysis and validation of tourism data and information that will enable the STD's management body to have them at its disposal for the comprehensive management of the STD;
increase energy efficiency, mainly associated with tourism activity, reducing its carbon footprint;
promote the participation of citizens, tourists and visitors to obtain metrics and behavioural patterns that allow measuring the degree of satisfaction-optimising the provision of public services; and
contribute to the development, maturation and testing of standards related to STD and facilitate the reuse or replication of the proposed actions in other entities or cities, based on and supported by standards.
As a result, Benidorm's new tourism model, seeking the most significant benefit for tourists, inhabitants and businesses, is based on smart and sustainable growth. Currently, Benidorm continues to work to remain a pioneering city in the fields of intelligence and sustainability, with the implementation of the Smart Destination Living Lab, to measure all the impacts of the axes of the STD related to the 17 SDGs aligned with the 2030 Agenda, being also the first tourist destination to implement a unit of these characteristics.
a management tool that supports destinations that want to adopt a sustainable approach to their management;
a monitoring system, easy to use to collect detailed data and information and allowing destinations to track their performance from year to year; and
a helpful reporting tool for policymakers, tourism businesses and other stakeholders.
Although this is a crucial standardisation exercise, these tools are poorly implemented due, on the one hand, to the scarcity of available information and, on the other hand, to the lack of adaptation of existing indicators to current information needs ( Tudorache, Simon, Frenț, & Musteaţă-Pavel, 2017 ; Gasparini & Mariotti, 2021 ). Thus, among the specific articles on ETIS, more than 17% of the papers openly identified challenges related to the difficulty of implementing ETIS. They identified the difficulty of involving stakeholders to provide data, the lack of availability or reliability of data, the cost or the lack of applicability of some indicators. Therefore, the lack of real progress and accelerated technological change is forcing policymakers to rethink these indicator systems, changing them for more flexible systems adapted to the information available for each specific case ( Ivars-Baidal, Vera-Rebollo, Perles-Ribes, Femenia-Serra, & Celdrán-Bernabeu, 2021 ).
However, sustainability is an inseparable part of the smart destination concept, at least from a theoretical point of view. From the literature reviewed, it can be stated that there is currently no accepted standard for measuring the sustainability of tourism destinations ( Önder, Wöber, & Zekan, 2017 ). It can also be stated that the available information is heterogeneous, inaccessible and, mainly, outdated, according to our analysis. This situation contrasts, in principle, both with the precepts of smart destination development and with the results of related work, where sustainability is identified as one of the critical areas for the application of analytical techniques based on data science technologies for STD ( Montero & López-Sánchez, 2021 ).
As suggested by ( Butler, 1999 ), “without measures or indicators of tourism development, the use of the term sustainable is meaningless and becomes advertising jargón.” Far from responsible management, even more, talking about the public function of tourism marketing, that must be socially responsible. For this reason, this work attempts to close the existing gap in the relationship between sustainability and intelligence, which is evident both in research and in the management of tourist destinations ( Perles Ribes & Ivars-Baidal, 2018 , Femenia and Ivars-Baidal et al. , 2021 ; Marinello, Butturi, Gamberini, & Martini, 2021 ).
In this context, this paper analyses the contribution of STD to the sustainability of cities through the Benidorms case study. It proposes the measurement of the global sustainability of tourist destinations based on a common core of economic, social and environmental indicators, using open data sources. Those common indicators could be complemented with specific indicators based on the information needs of each destination. The basic idea is to offer added value, precisely in the weakest points identified in previous works, which are the lack of access to information and its continuity and promote standard indicators to favour a framework for comparative analysis. In this way, progress would be made in both objectives, which are not necessarily antagonistic: to obtain a comparative framework between tourist destinations and, on the other hand, to provide valuable information according to the specific needs of each particular destination.
Has the transformation of Benidorm into a Smart Tourist Destination contributed to making a more sustainable city?
Could the evolution of Benidorm's tourism sustainability from existing sustainability indicators be estimated?
Could it qualify the implementation of the Plan “Benidorm, Destino Turístico Inteligente y Sostenible” as a successful public management action in terms of tourism sustainability?
Based on these questions, the following general objective (GO) is established:
GO1. To determine whether the transformation of Benidorm into a Smart Tourist Destination has led to greater sustainability of the city.
SO1. To obtain the current Benidorm's tourism sustainability indicators;
SO2. Develop a model for estimating Benidorm's tourism sustainability based on the indicators obtained; and
SO3. To analyse the effect of the Strategic Plan “Benidorm, Destino Turístico Inteligente y Sostenible” on the city's overall sustainability.
To conclude this part, in the following sections of this work, the methodology used to achieve the research objectives in Section 2; the main results and conclusions obtained in Sections 3 and 4, respectively; and finally, the discussion and limitations in Section 5 are presented.
2. Material and methods
Regarding the research methodology used, firstly, two phases have been established. The first is related to identifying indicators and estimating the tourism sustainability of Benidorm. The second phase consists of conducting a statistical analysis of time series (ITSA), through which it will be studying the contribution of the Strategic Plan “Benidorm, Destino Turístico Inteligente y Sostenible” to the global sustainability of the city. The most important methodological aspects of each phase are presented below.
2.1 Measuring sustainability through open data sources
Providing a flexible framework, our methodological proposal, far from trying to find the “ideal indicators” for measuring the sustainability of a tourist destination, is based on the available indicators, which also maintain a periodicity of publication. There are 17 sustainability indicators for which there are public and updated data. In the following, they are classified in Table 1 according to the type of sustainability.
As shown in the table above, the source on which the analysis has been based in the open data publication “Benidorm en Cifras”, a biannual publication of Benidorm Town Council. Furthermore, the “Instituto Nacional de Estadística” (INE), attached to the Ministry of Economic and Digital Transformation of the Government of Spain. The first source has obtained data on indicators related to environmental sustainability, while the second, data mainly on economic and social indicators. They are classified into the three global sustainability categories: economic, social and environmental sustainability. Regarding economics, has been chosen the indicators of overnight stays by type of establishment, including the total number of overnight stays. Also, it included the average percentage of occupancy by type of establishment. Moreover, the RevPAR as an indicator of hotel profitability, one of the most widely used when analysing the economic performance of tourism activity. Related to social sustainability, have been selected the resident population and total tourist number per year, because social sustainability depends on the balance between both, avoiding situations of social stress caused, for example, by the recent phenomenon of over-tourism. Tourism employment is considered a fundamental element of social balance as well. Finally, in the table, the environmental indicators comprise the three significant resource consumption generated by tourism, water, electricity and solid waste.
However, the relative weights of the indicators and the subsequent ranking differ significantly between studies ( Mikulić, Kožić, & Krešić, 2015 ). This work proposes an interrelation between the different indicators and types of sustainability, distributing the scores among the available 17 indicators, depending on their relative weight, based on the opinion of an experts’ group, complementing this task with statistical analyses such as Correlation, V Cramer and CPA. To subsequently carry out a regression model complementary to the proposed global sustainability estimation model.
2.2 Analising public policy plan “Benidorm, destino turístico inteligente y sostenible” through interrupted time series analysis
SEGITTUR, depending on the Secretary of State, Spanish Ministry of Tourism, is the body responsible for implementing the STD methodology. Based on the analysis of tourist destinations concerning five strategic axes: governance, innovation, technology, sustainability and accessibility. The aim is to promote a global vision of the territory, including all areas that influence and participate in its tourism development. An STD is «an innovative tourist destination, built on an infrastructure of state-of-the-art technology guaranteeing the sustainable development of the tourist area, accessible to everyone, which facilitates the visitors’ interaction with and integration into their surroundings, increases the quality of the experience at the destination, while also improving the quality of life of its residents» ( Segittur, 2015 )
to be an innovative destination;
to have an advanced technological infrastructure;
to guarantee sustainable development in the tourist territory; and
to be an accessible destination.
The implementation of this plan will entail a diagnostic report that can be extended to the destination's tourism area and those other managing areas responsible for the public services that directly or indirectly enable tourism activity in any tourist destination. Only those destinations that obtain a score of 80% or more in the degree of compliance with the requirements set out in the STD methodology are recognised with the STD label.
For the case study, the instrument used by the city of Benidorm to become a STD is called the Plan “Benidorm, Destino Turístico Inteligente y Sostenible”, which has been carried out over the years 2015–2020. Once identified the available indicators about the Benidorm global sustainability for the decade (2009–2019), it has been performed an interrupted time series statistical analysis (ITSA), which addresses the main objective of our research to find out whether Benidorm's development as a smart destination has contributed positively to the tourist sustainability of the city.
It has no effect on the sustainability of the city.
It has only an immediate effect.
It has a sustained, medium to long-term effect.
It has both an immediate and sustained effect on the sustainability of Benidorm.
To reach these conclusions, starting from the analysis of the following model: Y = b 0 + b1 ∗ YEARS + b2 ∗ DTI + b3 ∗ TIME SINCE + e
Table 2 shows the variables included in the model:
As shown in the table above, SUSTAINABILITY (Y) will be the dependent variable of the proposed analysis model. While the explanatory variables will be, on the other hand, the time horizon or period under study (YEARS), the year from which the intervention or implementation of the analysed public policy takes place (DTI) and a variable that weighs the number of years since Benidorm started the process through which it has become a STD (TIME SINCE). As for the programming component of the model, the editor used for the execution of the code in the RStudio console as an integrated development environment (IDE) for the R programming language. The ITSA analysis technique is especially recommended for those cases in which the result of an intervention or implementation of a specific public policy is analysed. For our case study, the development of Benidorm as a STD, a process that began in 2014. It is essential to bear in mind that the data must include observations before and after the public intervention for the correct functioning of the model, which has been discussed in detail in the preceding table.
Once the methodological component has been explained, the main results are described in the next section through the fourth point, first the statistical analysis of the fundamental sustainability indicators, the second to estimate Benidorm's tourism sustainability, with the third, the statistical components of the Benidorm's tourism sustainability estimation model, finally the analysis of the contribution of Benidorm's development as an STD to the city's tourism sustainability.
3.1 Basic analysis of sustainability indicators
This first statistical analysis by indicator typology (economic, social and environmental) is a first approximation of the performance of each indicator by analysing their evolution over time. The available open data indicators will be classified according to the contribution to the tourism sustainability of the city. In other words, we have economic, social and environmental indicators.
Below, in Figure 2 , identify the temporal evolution of the economic indicators available to analyse Benidorm's tourism sustainability.
As shown in Figure 2 , hotel overnight stays are much higher than any other indicator related to accommodation, flats or campsites, with an average during the period studied of 10,830,345 overnight stays. This indicator grew steadily from 2009 to 2016. There was a relative slowdown from this year onwards, with an annual decrease until the present day. On the other hand, RevPAR has been growing steadily since 2011, when the international economy recovered after the financial 2008 crisis. This indicator reached a minimum in 2010, and it began a growth path that continued until the demand shock in 2020 because of the health crisis caused by COVID-19.
As shown in Figure 3 , identify the temporal evolution of the social indicators available to analyse Benidorm's tourism sustainability.
The figure above shows that the number of tourists and tourists per 100 inhabitants have maintained a positive growth path from 2009 until the demand shock resulting from COVID-19. While the number of inhabitants has not fluctuated dramatically over the past years, maintaining a slightly increasing path. This situation means that Benidorm is the Spanish city with the most significant tourist pressure because of its inhabitants. For this reason, it is essential to analyse the evolution of social indicators, which are closely related to the social balance. On the other hand, the tourism employment indicator maintained a positive growth path until the limitations because of the massive lockdowns decreed by most countries at the international level.
Below, in Figure 4 , identify the temporal evolution of the environmental indicators available to analyse Benidorm's tourism sustainability.
The figure above shows the environmental sustainability indicators, electricity and water consumption, have followed a downward trend throughout the decade studied (2009–2019). In contrast, the solid waste generation indicator has followed a positive growth path, more limited from 2018 onwards. That could be a consumption behaviour, extensible to most cities in Spain. However, it has an exceptional singularity for the case study of Benidorm as a result of the high tourist pressure. Although the number of tourists has continued to grow during this decade, electricity consumption has been downward. That means electricity consumption related to tourism has not generated such a significant increase in aggregate electricity consumption data to reverse the public policies of responsible consumption implemented by Benidorm Town Council in recent years. For example, plans to rationalise light and energy-saving LED luminaires for public lighting. Scepecifily, the “Plan Municipal de Eficiencia Energética”, which Benidorm City Council has managed to reduce electricity costs by almost 52%, thanks to the implementation of lighting with 'LED' technology and the energy-saving policies implemented in recent years, reducing the electricity bill from three million euros at 2011, to one million and haft approximately at 2021. It is reducing 2.3 million kilowatts between 2012 and 2021.
3.2 Estimating the sustainability of tourism in benidorm
Currently, there is neither a generally accepted definition of sustainable tourism nor a widely used method for its measurement. Despite standardisation efforts and a reasonably up-to-date regulatory framework on sustainable tourism, based on the United Nations resolution of 21 December, 2020, on promoting sustainable tourism, including ecotourism, for poverty eradication and environmental protection ( UNGA, 2020 ), as well as the approval of the European Sustainable Tourism Strategy of 25 March, 2021.
There is, therefore, an evident lack of precision in both the conceptualisation and the practical application component of this concept, which has often been relegated to mere rhetorical use ( Hughes, Weaver, & Pforr, 2015 ). Therefore, in this article, we want to bridge the gap between sustainability and its measurement.
From the 17 sustainability indicators, it has been constructed Figure 5 , the data set containing the historical data series of these indicators for the period (2009–2019). Having explained the methodological component in the previous sections, estimating Benidorm's tourism sustainability for the period under study (2009–2019), as shown in Figure 5 .
The table above presents Benidorm's tourism sustainability estimation model. The indicators are ordered by economic, social and environmental sustainability. According to the methodology described, indicators score distribution is based on its relative contribution of them to global sustainability, established by a group of experts. As shown, the indicators with the most significant impact are the environment, water and electricity consumption and solid waste generation. While with a middleweight, tourism employment ranks second and finds economic indicators as total overnight stays or the RevPAR.
The indicator in question must perform better than the previous year.
The indicator must also perform better than its average for the entire study period. If these two requirements are met, an indicator will receive the maximum score set by the experts; otherwise, it will receive half the score.
The mean statistic value has been applied in the first and last years of the series, 2009 and 2020.
Benidorm's tourism sustainability estimation model shows that sustainability has developed positively with an upward trend until 2019. In 2020, there is a drastic contraction of the economic and social sustainability indicators because of the demand shock caused by the COVID-19 crisis.
This work has been complemented with a series of statistical analyses to identify the existing relationships between the different indicators and the potential for linking them concerning global sustainability, with a regression model complementary to the estimation model implemented.
![](http://doctruyen.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
3.3 Statistical support for the Benidorm global sustainability estimation model
Once applied Benidorm's tourism sustainability estimation model, understanding the concept in its most global meaning: economic, social and environmental, based on the availability of data and taking into account the distribution of the score for each indicator attributed by the group of experts. A complementary study of the statistical significance of the results has been developed.
Firstly, with an approximation to the relationship between the different indicators by analysing correlations and the V Cramer analysis, which explains the degree of association between the explanatory variables and the variable of interest in the model of global sustainability. ( Figure 6 )
The previous figure shows the covariance analysis results, which indicate the degree of joint variation of two or more variables concerning their means. There is a high relationship between the different indicators related to overnight stays regardless of business activity (Hotels, Apartments or Campsites). The RevPAR indicator is a metric that provides an idea of the number of rooms rented in a hotel and the revenue generated from these bookings. This indicator has a high relationship with overnight stays in general, especially with campsites 0.90 and flats 0.86 as competitive activities. An increased association between this and hotel overnight is observed concerning tourist employment, significantly 0.97, contributing considerably to tourist employment. Also, there is a strong relationship between the number of tourists and environmental sustainability indicators, mainly solid waste and water consumption. Therefore, hotel overnight stays are highly associated with solid waste generation 0.97 and water consumption 0.85. The indicator with the best performance is overnight stays in campsites, with lower relative consumption in both water and solid waste generation
About the V Cramer analysis, the RevPAR hotel profitability index and overnight stays in campsites, both with an index of 0.6, are strongly associated with sustainability, followed by annual kilowatts of electricity consumption and solid waste generated annually.
Likewise, the previous analyses is completed with a principal component analysis (PCA), which allows us to “condense” the information provided by the multiple indicators used to estimate global sustainability into just a few components. That makes it a valuable tool to apply before using the regression model ( Figure 7 ).
The previous figure shows that the principal component PC1 accumulates 75.20% of the data variability and the main component PC2 gets 11.18% of the data, reaching 86.38%. The indicators condition the year's distribution marked by the spatial disposition of the red lines to reflect the correlation of the variable's actual value to Principal Components 1 and 2. The years (represented by the blue dots) in the two-dimensional space reflect in a simplified way the value they mean in terms of the original data of the indicators, in such a way that those years with close coordinates in the Principal Components behave similarly. In turn, the arrows indicating a similar direction suggest that the indicators have a relationship between them, jointly conditioning the coordinates of our years.
After the PCA Analysis, a first model was developed in which the dependent variable was Sustainability and the regressor variables were the first eight Principal Components. After constructing this first multiple linear regression model, the Stepwise algorithm was applied as an automatic variable selection method, applying the bidirectional methodology testing the input and output of variables. Finally, the method arrived at the final regression model based on PC1 and PC7, below ( Figure 8 ).
Concerning the regression model presented in the previous figure, the R 2 statistic is 0.7094, which means that PC1 and PC7 indicators obtain 70% of the deviation of the estimated variable in the regression model. Therefore, the variability of sustainability as a dependent variable is 70% explained by the economic, social and environmental indicators elected for estimating global sustainability. On the other hand, a one-unit increase in PC7 leads to 29.28 units in global sustainability. PC7 is, therefore, the intercept that best explains the dependent variable. Below are the positive and negative impacts and the absolute impacts of the different indicators that make up global sustainability ( Figure 9 ).
The most significant positive impact on sustainability indicators is employment generated by tourism activity and the RevPAR profitability indicator. In contrast, the most significant negative impact indicators are solid waste generation and all indicators related to overnight stays or average occupancy. In absolute value, solid waste generation, the existing hotel infrastructure with the number of hotel rooms per 100 inhabitants, and all indicators related to overnight stays and average occupancy have the most global impact on overall sustainability. As mentioned above, the scarce relative effect of drinking water consumption concerning global sustainability is explained by the fact that the data are aggregated. Therefore, to improve the model's estimation capacity, it would be necessary to use water and electricity indicators that exclusively attribute the part of consumption linked to tourist activity. The current water and electricity consumption indicators are a first approximation of the available data at an aggregate level. On the other hand, studies on consumption linked to the tourism sector are limited and, in many cases, outdated, among the most recent publications ( Sánchez-Galiano, Martí-Ciriquián, & Fernández-Aracil, 2017 ; Nuez & Osorio, 2019 ; Rico, Olcina, Baños, Garcia, & Sauri, 2020 ; Bianco, 2020 ).
3.4 Analysis of the contribution of benidorm's development as an smart tourist destination to the city's tourism sustainability
Benidorm is one of the emblematic Mediterranean coastal destinations. It is a clear representation of a tourist area born under the Fordist model characteristic of mass tourism in the '50s. For this reason, it has made a notable effort to reconvert itself as a more sustainable model. Related, the contribution analysis of the Plan “Benidorm, Destino Turístico Inteligente y Sostenible” to the sustainability of the city, using the following model: Y = b 0 + b1 ∗ YEARS + b2 ∗ DTI + b3 ∗ TIME SINCE + e
Furthermore, a statistical analysis technique is especially recommended for cases like those from the interrupted time series analysis to understand the result of an intervention or implementation of a specific public policy, obtaining the results presented in Figure 10 .
The coefficients result obtained in the figure above shows the graph slope relating the sustainability and years has changed after the 2014 public intervention when the strategy to turn Benidorm into an STD began. So, the b3 appreciates the before and after intervention slope difference, representing this public intervention's positive and sustained effect. Note how b2 = 0, which means no immediate impact in the short term. Thus, it can be affirmed is happening the scenario that the public policy implemented, the Plan “Benidorm, Destino Turístico Inteligente y Sostenible”, has a sustained effect in the medium-long term on the tourist sustainability of the city of Benidorm”. Likewise, the figure above shows how the temporal coefficient YEARS indicates sustainability before the intervention, having a negative value, which shows that sustainability followed decreasing evolution over time before the public intervention. Specifically, tourism sustainability decreased 3.76 points in the index for each year elapsed. In contrast, the positive DTI coefficient indicates an increase in tourism sustainability after the public intervention. The effect is confirmed to be positive, increasing sustainability by 24.43 points. Finally, the TIME SINCE coefficient indicates that the trend has changed after the intervention. The sustained effect is positive and significant, meaning that for each year that passes after the intervention, sustainability increases by 6.51 points in the index. The results are conclusive as tourism sustainability has an evident trend change before and after starting the process that has turned Benidorm into an STD.
4. Conclusion
The following are the main findings that answer the research questions. Regarding the first question, Q1: Has Benidorm's transformation into a Smart Destination contributed to making a more sustainable city? Information obtained affirms that the development of Benidorm as an STD has made a positive contribution to the sustainability of tourism in the city. Through the analysis carried out, it knows that although this contribution does not have a disruptive effect in the short term, it does produce a change in trend that has a positive and sustained impact in the medium and long term. That suggests that the city's sustainability is improving despite being a mature destination and the high tourist pressure that the city bears annually.
About the second question, Q2: Could the evolution of Benidorm's tourism sustainability from existing sustainability indicators be estimated? Firstly, 17 Benidorm's tourism sustainability indicators have been identified through official open data sources at the municipal and state levels. From these indicators, the Benidorm tourism sustainability has been estimated using a flexible model based on the sum of the relative weightings for each indicator concerning global sustainability, based on the opinion of a group of experts. The sustainability estimation model was complemented with a series of statistical significance analyses and a linear regression model, from which it concludes that the economic, social and environmental indicators elected explain 70% of the variability of global sustainability. The most positive indicators are tourism employment and hotel RevPAR profitability. While those with the most significant negative impact are the generation of solid waste, the number of hotel rooms per 100 inhabitants or electricity consumption. According to the expert panel's opinion, drinking water consumption, the indicator with the highest relative impact, has no statistical significance in the regression model. The sustainability estimation model would be improved by obtaining disaggregated water and electricity consumption data related to tourism industry consumption.
Related to the last question, Q3: Could it qualify the implementation of the Plan “Benidorm, Destino Turístico Inteligente y Sostenible” as a successful public management action in terms of tourism sustainability? The answer is yes, for several reasons. Among the most important, the Strategic Plan has concluded with the certification of Benidorm as the first Smart Tourist Destination in Spain, a distinction awarded by the “Instituto para la Calidad Turística Española” under the UNE 178501 standard, the first standard of its kind in the world. Secondly, it can be affirmed that the commitment to the development of a smart destination within the Plan “Benidorm, Destino Turístico Inteligente y Sostenible” has had a positive and sustained effect in the medium-term on the global sustainability of the city, which indicate a good practice of the local government that also gives Benidorm a competitive advantage over its competitors. Finally, it should be noted that Benidorm has been able to adapt the mass tourism developing a high-density tourist area, creating today the most sustainable and efficient urban-tourist model on the Costa Blanca, with an advanced environmental infrastructure based on integrated management systems for the main inputs (electricity, drinking wáter and solid waste generation), the basis of its sustainable development model.
5. Discussion
The debate to contextualise this work is bridging the gap between sustainability and tourism intelligence. This research represents a departure from previous related research, offering a framework based on official open data sources to measure the sustainability of a tourism destination. Estimating sustainability through available sustainability indicators helps assess the impact of sustainable tourism development policies. A learning process to improve the community's overall understanding of economic, social and environmental issues, through the use and re-use of these available data sources, as in the case of Benidorm, a commitment to place the tourist at the centre of tourism policies, anticipating their needs and giving them new answers to their needs through innovation, new technologies and sustainability.
The implications of this work have an eminently practical component. Thus, the measurement of sustainability through a global sustainability estimation model, designed from a standard set of indicators applicable to different tourist destinations, provides a reasonable starting point to have a framework for comparing tourism sustainability in different destinations as a point to be addressed in the future related research.
Likewise, it represents one of the first pieces of empirical evidence that converting a tourist destination into an STD contributes to the sustainability of tourism cities in the medium and long term. The ultimate objective is to provide tourist destinations with a flexible tool adaptable to data availability for measuring tourism sustainability. To overcome the current use of this term as a slogan or advertising jargon, in practice, as we have identified, there are very few cases in which destinations effectively manage tourism sustainability.
Destinations that carry out this work, such as Benidorm, are gaining a competitive advantage in a global market, becoming more eco-friendly. Tourists in the 21st century are characterised, as well as being very well informed, by preferring a sustainable tourism offer ( Solís-Radilla, Hernández-Lobato, Callarisa-Fiol, & Pastor-Durán, 2019 ; Molinillo, Anaya-Sánchez, Morrison, & Coca-Stefaniak, 2019 ). Tourism destinations must respond adequately to the challenge of sustainability as one of the most critical issues in today's tourism industry.
6. Limitation
While many opportunities can be seised using the model of measuring the sustainability of a tourism destination through available open data sources, there are also challenges and open questions as limitations of this work that need to be addressed and overcome for a successful implementation, among the most important the subjectivity of the distribution of the relative weight of each indicator. However, this work has been contrasted with a panel of experts to establish a distribution score between the different indicators based on the relative importance of each one concerning the overall concept of sustainability. Also, carried out a statistical significance analyses of the relationship between the different indicators and indicators concerning overall sustainability. On the other hand, the minimum number of indicators required for each type of sustainability (economic, social and environmental) to guarantee a correct estimation of global sustainability has yet to be defined. Although the applied regression analysis obtains a high R-squared value, the variables or indicators used are statistically significant.
Acknowledgement
The authors want to express their gratitude to the Benidorm Town Hall through its Environment Department, especially to Mr Vicente Major.
Author contributions: Alexander Aguirre: Software, Data curation, Writing- Original draft preparation, Antonio Zayas García: Methodology and Software, Validation, Diego Gómez Carmona: Investigation, Writing- Reviewing and Editing, José Antonio López-Sánchez : Conceptualisation, Methodology and Supervision .
Funding : This publication and research were partially funded by INDESS (University Institute of Research for Social Sustainable Development) of the University of Cádiz, Spain, through the Plan for the Promotion and Promotion of Research and Transfer of the University of Cádiz (Programa de Fomento e Impulso de la Actividad de Investigación y Transferencia de la Universidad de Cádiz) and also by Cátedra de Turismo Accesible e Inclusivo de la Universidad de Cádiz.
Benidorm's evolution
Economic indicators
Social indicators
Environmental indicators
Estimating Benidorm's tourism sustainability through open data indicators
Indicators Correlation Analysis
Indicators PCA analysis
Sustainability regresion method
Indicators Impacts Analysis
Interrupted time series analysis (ITSA)
Global sustainability indicators
Source: Prepared by the authors using R Programing
Bianco , V. ( 2020 ). Analysis of electricity consumption in the tourism sector. A decomposition approach . Journal of Cleaner Production , 248 , 119286 .
Boes , K. , Buhalis , D , & Inversini , A. ( 2015 ). Conceptualising smart tourism destination dimensions . In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2015 , Cham : Springer , pp. 391 - 403 .
Buhalis , D & Amaranggana , A. ( 2015 ). Smart tourism destinations enhancing tourism experience through personalisation of services . In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2015 , Cham : Springer , pp. 377 - 389 .
Butler , R. W. ( 1999 ). Sustainable tourism: a state‐of‐the‐art review . Tourism Geographies , 1 ( 1 ), 7 - 25 .
Coca-Stefaniak , J. A. ( 2020 ). Beyond smart tourism cities–towards a new generation of “wise” tourism destinations . Journal of Tourism Futures , 7 ( 2 ).
Coca-Stefaniak , J. A & Seisdedos , G. ( 2020 ). Smart tourism destinations at a crossroads - Being “smart” and urban are no longer enough . In A.M. , Morrison & J.A. , Coca-Stefaniak , Routledge handbook of tourism cities , London : Routledge , doi: 10.4324/9780429244605-24
Day , J. , Morrison , A. M. , & Coca-Stefaniak , J. A. ( 2021 ). Sustainable tourism in urban destinations . International Journal of Tourism Cities , 7 ( 4 ), 881 - 886 , doi: 10.1108/IJTC-12-2021-290 .
Femenia-Serra , F. & Ivars-Baidal , J. A. ( 2021 ). Do smart tourism destinations really work? The case of Benidorm . Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research , 26 ( 4 ), 365 - 384 .
Font , X. , Torres-Delgado , A. , Crabolu , G. , Palomo Martinez , J. , Kantenbacher , J. , & Miller , G. ( 2021 ). The impact of sustainable tourism indicators on destination competitiveness: The European tourism indicator system . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 1 - 23 .
Gasparini , M. L. & Mariotti , A. ( 2021 ). Sustainable tourism indicators as policy making tools: Lessons from ETIS implementation at destination level . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 1 - 19 .
Gretzel , U. , Sigala , M. , Xiang , Z. , & Koo , C. ( 2015 ). Smart tourism: Foundations and developments . Electronic Markets , 25 ( 3 ), 179 - 188 .
Hughes , M. , Weaver , D. , & Pforr , C. ( 2015 ). The practice of sustainable tourism: Resolving the paradox , Routledge .
Ivars-Baidal , J. , Celdrán Bernabéu , M. A. , & Femenia-Serra , F. ( 2017 ). Guía de implantación de destinos turísticos inteligentes de la comunitat valenciana .
Ivars-Baidal , J. A. , Vera-Rebollo , J. F. , Perles-Ribes , J. , Femenia-Serra , F. , & Celdrán-Bernabeu , M. A. ( 2021 ). Sustainable tourism indicators: What’s new within the smart city/destination approach? Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 1 - 24 .
Marinello , S. , Butturi , M. A. , Gamberini , R. , & Martini , U. ( 2021 ). Indicators for sustainable touristic destinations: A critical review . Journal of Environmental Planning and Management , doi: 10.1080/09640568.2021.1978407 .
Mikulić , J. , Kožić , I. , & Krešić , D. ( 2015 ). Weighting indicators of tourism sustainability: A critical note . Ecological Indicators , 48 , 312 - 314 .
Molinillo , S. , Anaya-Sánchez , R. , Morrison , A. M. , & Coca-Stefaniak , J. A. ( 2019 ). Smart city communication via social media: Analysing residents' and visitors' engagement . Cities , 94 , 247 - 255 .
Montero , A. A. & López-Sánchez , J. A. ( 2021 ). Intersection of data science and smart destinations: A systematic review . Frontiers in Psychology , 12 .
Nuez , I. & Osorio , J. ( 2019 ). Calculation of tourist sector electricity consumption and its cost in subsidised insular electrical systems: The case of the canary islands, Spain . Energy Policy , 132 , 839 - 853 .
Önder , I. , Wöber , K. , & Zekan , B. ( 2017 ). Towards a sustainable urban tourism development in Europe: The role of benchmarking and tourism management information systems–a partial model of destination competitiveness . Tourism Economics , 23 ( 2 ), 243 - 259 .
Perles Ribes , J. F. & Ivars-Baidal , J. ( 2018 ). Smart sustainability: A new perspective in the sustainable tourism debate . Investigaciones Regionales – Journal of Regional Research , 42 ( 2018 ), 151 - 170 , Asociación Española de Ciencia Regional España .
Rico , A. , Olcina , J. , Baños , C. , Garcia , X. , & Sauri , D. ( 2020 ). Declining water consumption in the hotel industry of mass tourism resorts: Contrasting evidence for benidorm, Spain . Current Issues in Tourism , 23 ( 6 ), 770 - 783 .
Sánchez-Galiano , J. C. , Martí-Ciriquián , P. , & Fernández-Aracil , P. ( 2017 ). Temporary population estimates of mass tourism destinations: The case of benidorm . Tourism Management , 62 , 234 - 240 .
Segittur . ( 2015 ). Informe destinos turísticos inteligentes: Construyendo el futuro . Retrieved from www.thinktur.org/media/Libro-Blanco-Destinos-Tursticos-Inteligentes-construyendo-el-futuro.pdf
Solís-Radilla , M. M. , Hernández-Lobato , L. , Callarisa-Fiol , L. J. , & Pastor-Durán , H. T. ( 2019 ). The importance of sustainability in the loyalty to a tourist destination through the management of expectations and experiences . Sustainability , 11 ( 15 ), 4132 .
Tudorache , D. M. , Simon , T. , Frenț , C. , & Musteaţă-Pavel , M. ( 2017 ). Difficulties and challenges in applying the european tourism indicators system (ETIS) for sustainable tourist destinations: The case of braşov county in the romanian carpathians . Sustainability , 9 ( 10 ), 1879 .
UNGA . ( 2020 ). General Assembly - General assembly . United Nations , 19 ( 4 ), 948 - 972 .
World Tourism Organization ( 2005 ). Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations A Guidebook – Indicadores de desarrollo sostenible para los destinos turísticos . Guía práctica (Versión española) . UNWTO , Madrid , doi: 10.18111/9789284408382 .
Corresponding author
About the authors.
Alexander Aguirre is based at the Data Analytics and Intelligence Tourism at INDESS (Instituto Universitario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Social Sostenible), University of Cadiz – Jerez de la Frontera Campus, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
Antonio Zayas is Researcher at INDESS (Instituto Universitario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Social Sostenible), University of Cadiz – Jerez de la Frontera Campus, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
Diego Gómez-Carmona is Researcher at INDESS (Instituto Universitario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Social Sostenible), University of Cadiz – Jerez de la Frontera Campus, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
José Antonio López Sánchez is based at the Department of History, Geography and Philosophy, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
Related articles
All feedback is valuable.
Please share your general feedback
Report an issue or find answers to frequently asked questions
Contact Customer Support
Case study, tourism
- Living reference work entry
- Later version available View entry history
- First Online: 01 January 2015
- Cite this living reference work entry
- Alan Fyall 3
138 Accesses
1 Citations
A case study represents a holistic, in-depth empirical analysis where the focus is on the understanding of a contemporary phenomenon in its real-life context in a particular point in time (Beeton 2005 ). What distinguishes it from most other research methods is its reliance on multiple sources of evidence. One of the key proponents of this method is Yin ( 2009 ) who advocates that case studies should be significant, mix practice with theoretical development , be contemporary in nature, and represent leading edge research. Its boundaries should be complete while evidence should be sufficiently displayed with reports written in an engaging manner. In essence, this study method represents an all-encompassing research strategy that covers design, data collection, and analysis.
Types of case studies
Types of case studies include intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. While the former explore a particular situation in isolation, instrumental cases seek to extrapolate wider lessons to...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Institutional subscriptions
Beeton, S. 2005 The Case Study in Tourism Research: A Multi-Method Case Study Approach. In Tourism Research Methods: Integrating Theory with Practice, B. Ritchie, P. Burns and C. Palmer, eds., pp.37-48. Oxford: CABI.
Google Scholar
Dredge, D. 2006 Policy Networks and the Local Organization of Tourism. Tourism Management 27: 269-280.
Article Google Scholar
Garrod, B., and A. Fyall 2013 Contemporary Cases in Heritage. Oxford: Goodfellow.
Jennings, G. 2001 Tourism Research. Milton: Wiley.
Stake, R. 1995 The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Xiao, H., and S. Smith 2006 Case Studies in Tourism Research: A State-of-the-Art Analysis. Tourism Management 27:738-749.
Yin, R. 2009 Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Los Angeles: Sage.
Download references
Author information
Authors and affiliations.
University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Orlando, 32816, USA
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Alan Fyall .
Editor information
Editors and affiliations.
School of Hospitality Leadership, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin, USA
Jafar Jafari
School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
Honggen Xiao
Rights and permissions
Reprints and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this entry
Cite this entry.
Fyall, A. (2014). Case study, tourism. In: Jafari, J., Xiao, H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Tourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_244-1
Download citation
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_244-1
Received : 01 October 2014
Accepted : 01 October 2014
Published : 18 September 2015
Publisher Name : Springer, Cham
Online ISBN : 978-3-319-01669-6
eBook Packages : Springer Reference Business and Management Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences Reference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences
- Publish with us
Policies and ethics
Chapter history
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_244-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_244-1
- Find a journal
- Track your research
![](http://doctruyen.online/777/templates/cheerup/res/banner1.gif)
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
economies that demonstrate how sustainable tourism has been a factor for development. More than 180 people contributed to the p. blication in a global consultation with governments, organizations and civil society.A total of 23 case studies were selected as exemplary practices from all regions of the world and represe.
About. Tourism Cases is a growing collection of high-quality case studies that explore and inform the development of sustainable tourism.. The case studies bring together research, experiences and expertise from tourism studies and programmes around the world. Leisure, events, hospitality: we've got it all.
The Sustainable Tourism Case Studies Clearinghouse aims to provide examples of how the tourism industry is addressing a variety of challenges - from workforce housing to coastal degradation. NC State University students have designed these case studies to highlight solutions from tourism destinations across the United States and around the world, so community leaders and ...
2.2. Sustainable tourism assessment methods and rating scales. One of the first tools to assess the sustainability of tourism was the BS, developed by Prescott-Allen (Citation 1997).The BS combines indicators of human well-being (social, economic, and institutional) and ecological (biophysical) well-being that can be used from local to global level.
Case studies are accompanied with a teaching note guiding scholars to integrate case studies into instruction. Dr Kirsten Holmes, Chair, Council for Australasian Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE) There is a vital need for contemporary and well-structured case studies for use in tourism teaching.
Case studies are used widely, to the extent that they have become a "pervasive methodology in tourism research and study that it appears that its justification is no longer deemed necessary" (Beeton 2005:37).One specific area where they are particularly prevalent is at the destination level.
The case study method is common in many disciplines and areas, including tourism and hospitality (e.g., Andersson, 2016;Hede, 2005;Simón et al., 2004;Timur and Timur ...
In particular, it examines case study research in tourism. Seventy-six full articles from the recent volumes (2000-2004) of Annals of Tourism Research, Journal of Travel Research, Tourism Analysis, and Tourism Management were selected for a content analysis. The research discusses (1) themes/topics case studies addressed, (2) case specificity ...
The Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Cases (JHTC) is an international refereed electronic journal (e-journal) published by ICHRIE. The mission of JHTC is to distribute quality case studies to academics and professionals interested in using the case study method as a teaching, research and/or management tool.
Kadir Çakar, PhD, is currently working as an assistant professor at the Faculty of Tourism at Mardin Artuklu University.His PhD examined the motivations and experiences of travelers visiting Gallipoli Peninsula within the context of dark tourism. His main research areas include Qualitative Research, Dark Tourism, Tourist Destination Governance, Tourism Education, Information Communication ...
About Tourism Cases. Tourism Cases is a growing collection of practical and educational case studies for students, researchers, practitioners and organisations. It is designed to share experiences and expertise from the tourism industry. Tourism Cases publishes an extensive range of case studies and special issues throughout the year, covering the latest developments in tourism, hospitality ...
Pham Hong Long is an Associate Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Tourism Studies, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University in Hanoi. His major teaching and research areas are ecotourism, community-based tourism, sustainable tourism development, responsible tourism, environment and tourism resources, tourism ...
Case study on the effects of tourism on culture and the environment, India: Jaisalmer, Khajuraho and Goa. programme and meeting document. Corporate author. UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (Thailand) Person as author. Menon, A.G. Krishna; Series title and vol / issues.
Tourist Studies is a multi-disciplinary journal providing a platform for the development of critical perspectives on the nature of tourism as a social phenomenon. The journal examines the relationship between tourism and related fields of social inquiry. Tourism and tourist styles consumption are not only emblematic of many features of contemporary social change, such as mobility, restlessness ...
This book consolidates case study based research in tourism, travel, hospitality, and events under one roof. It aims to consolidate cutting edge case study based research within the wider tourism industry that investigates topical and contemporary industry challenges and practices, which in turn can help tourism scholars to build new theory for advancing tourism research and educational practices.
This paper aims to systematically review and analyze the current research on tourism impacts on destinations during 2016-2020. The Scopus database was used to search for tourism impact studies.
This case study presents a green model for eco-tourism as it is currently in place at the Welcomgroup Bay Island (WGBI) hotel in Port Blair, the capital of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The model concentrates on a so-called four-R's strategy, which includes Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Rethink of procedures and policies for the hotel.
Madrid, Spain, 6 March 2019 - The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) released today the report 'Overtourism'? Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth Beyond Perceptions: Case Studies', choosing ITB Berlin as the fitting backdrop to address a pressing topic before the global tourism sector. The report provides examples of ...
International Cases on Tourism Destination Management and COVID-19 provides students, lecturers and practitioners with an essential real-life resource on how different tourism destinations around the world have been impacted by, and responded to, the COVID-19 pandemic.. These 34 in-depth case studies from the Americas, the APAC region, Europe, and the Middle East allow a global perspective ...
Case studies are used widely, to the extent that they have become a "pervasive methodology in tourism research and study that it appears that its justification is no longer deemed necessary" (Beeton 2005: 37).One specific area where they are particularly prevalent is at the destination level. Although quantitative approaches facilitate description and analysis at a particular moment in ...
Tourism sustainability is a challenge for 21st-century destinations - this paper aims to analyse smart destinations' sustainability through a case study of Benidorm, the first world destination to be certified under the UNE 178501 standard as smart tourism destination (STD).,The methodological component has been divided into developing a ...
Case study, tourism Alan Fyall University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA A case study represents a holistic, in-depth empirical analysis where the focus is on the understanding of a contemporary phenomenon in its real-life context in a particular point in time (Beeton 2005). What distinguishes it from most other research methods is its reliance
is an alternative form of tourism with sustainable community development as its goal'' (Dodds, Ali & Galaski,2018: 3). Methodology: Case Study Research Case study research design is useful for investigating trends, situations and testing whether scientific theories and models actually work in the real work. "Case study research has grown
The problems I identified in the current user flow: Pre-Visit Stage. Information overload: Difficulty in filtering relevant information from numerous online sources. Inaccurate or outdated information: Misleading content about the site or its offerings. Lack of Personalization: Cannot easily find information tailored to their specific interests and needs.
The Bachelor of Science in University Studies, Tourism and Coastal Community Development Concentration equips you with the knowledge and skills to drive sustainable development in coastal communities dominated by the tourism industry. You will explore a range of fields including tourism marketing and management, public policy, environmental ...