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Norwegian Fjords & Scottish Isles

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Day 1: edinburgh | embark.

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• 1 Lunch, 1 Dinner

Day 2: Stonehaven

• 1 Breakfast, 1 Lunch, 1 Dinner

Day 3-4: Orkney Islands

• 2 Breakfasts, 2 Lunches, 2 Dinners

Day 5: Shetland Islands, Unst, Scotland | Isle Of Noss | Lerwick

Day 6: lerwick | at sea, day 7: hidra, norway, day 8: hardangerfjorden, day 9: bergen, norway | disembark.

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• 7 Breakfasts, 8 Lunches, 8 Dinners
• 8 Nights Accommodations
• Accommodations as listed
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• Complimentary Parka - available only for the duration of the voyage.
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• Park and site entrance fees, special access permits, and port taxes
• Excursions, hotels, and airport transfers, as indicated in the itinerary 
• Selection of exploration tools curated to your destination, such as Zodiacs and glass-bottom boats, stand-up paddleboards, kayaks, snorkeling equipment (including wetsuits, masks, and fins), and other state-of-the-art gear
• Guidance and company of leading expedition staff
• All meals as indicated in the itinerary, both aboard and onshore. Meals are inspired by regional cuisine and locally sourced where possible
• Hors d’oeuvres inspired by regional cuisine and locally sourced where possible
• 24-hour access to snacks, premium coffees and teas, non-alcoholic beverages, and filtered water
• Presentations on your destination by expedition staff and expert guest speakers
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Discover the land of the midnight sun: norway tours.

Prepare to be awestruck by the wealth of natural wonders on a Norway guided tour. Witness the famous fjords as they carve deep blue swaths through plunging cliffs. Marvel at the sweeping mountain ranges, whose peaks seem to touch the sky. Get lost in the beauty of verdant forests with hushed, winding trails (watch out for those mischievous trolls!) and mammoth glaciers that feel cut from the edge of the earth.

This country is not just about its natural beauty. It’s also abundant in culture—from its charming coastal hamlets to its sophisticated cities, Norway is plentiful in art, music, cuisine, and rich history. But what truly sets Norway apart is its people—they are passionate about the outdoors, fiercely adventurous, and always ready to warmly welcome visitors, making you feel like a part of their community.

Explore western Norway and this country’s mountainous heart on our immersive  Fjords Adventure tour . You’ll hike past cascading waterfalls to the Hardangervidda mountain plateau, walk the ice of this country’s third-largest glacier with an expert guide, and kayak on picturesque fjords.

Turning into the country’s center, you’ll hike stream-laced trails through the lush Skagastol Valley in Jotunheimen National Park.

Hiking from a working farm in the Geirangerfjord region, you’ll encounter Storseterfossen waterfall’s thunder and walk behind its cascade. In the charming coastal  city of Alesund , you’ll walk to the Mount Aksla lookout to take in breathtaking views and celebrate your Norwegian adventure. Throughout your trip, you’ll engage with local culture, visit working farms, stroll seaside villages, visit UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and tour historic stave churches.

Savor The Journey and Take In Heart-Stopping Views on a Norway Hiking Tour

A trip to the Western Fjords will make you feel as if you have crossed into the farthest corner of the planet. A Boundless Journeys walking tour will make you feel like you’ve experienced every moment with friends.

Led by an expert local guide, our small group tours foster fast friendships and a sense of community. Meanwhile, their intimate size ensures you never feel part of a crowd. Together, you’ll experience bucket-list highlights like viewing the famous Seven Sisters waterfalls, hidden gems among Norway’s fjords, and encounters with history and culture.

You’ll enjoy many delicious meals on your Norway tour package. From a picnic lunch surrounded by glaciers to a locally prepared meal at a working farm, each is designed to enhance your trip. However, every adventurer wants to investigate (and taste) independently! You’ll also have free time to wander and taste on your own throughout your journey.

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Europe , Destinations , Norway · March 20, 2023

Norway in a Nutshell: 9 Tips to Know Before You Go

Norway’s snow-capped mountains dropping straight into sparkling blue fjords prompts people from all over the world to travel the Norway in a Nutshell route. From the cities of Bergen to Flam to Oslo, the breathtaking and unique scenery will astound you.

Norway has the highest concentration of fjords in the world with two being featured on the UNESCO World Heritage list. National Geographic Magazine named these fjords “the best unspoiled travel destinations in the world,” while the Chicago Tribune includes Norway’s fjords on its list of Seven Wonders of Nature .

Fortunately for nature seekers, the Norwegians have made it very convenient to journey through their famed fjords, waterfalls and mountains.

It’s called Norway in a Nutshell.

Norway in a Nutshell is not an organized tour, but instead the name for a scenic way of touring the country. It consists of a series of trains, buses, and boats taking passengers between the beautiful city of Bergen and the capital city of Oslo – including the famed fjord cruise from Flam.

On one leg of the journey, travelers ride aboard one of the world’s most spectacular trains – the Flamsbana, which in 2014 Lonely Planet Traveller named “the world’s most incredible train journey.” Traveling through mountains and valleys riders encounter waterfalls and tiny villages dotting the countryside.

Before you book your Norway in a Nutshell tour know these 9 important tips.

1. visit during shoulder season..

If you can choose what time of year to visit Norway, May is just about perfect. In May, the weather is mild and the mountains are snow-capped, creating majestic views of white peaks against a blue sky backdrop. Sure, the summer months of June, July and August have the warmest weather, but they also see the most crowds of tourists. You’ll have some crowds in the shoulder season (the time between peak and off-peak season) but not nearly as many as during summer. And while Norway is expensive to visit year round, traveling during shoulder season can save you money on airfare and lodging. One thing to note: May 17 is Norway’s Constitution Day. The whole country parades and parties. It can be a fun time celebrating with the locals, but keep in mind many shops are closed. Restaurants generally stay open but can get crowded so plan ahead.

2. Customize the Norway in a Nutshell trip yourself from Bergen to Flam to Oslo, or vice versa.

While the official online website, NorwayNutshell.com , can book your entire trip for you with all the necessary boat, bus, and train tickets/reservations, we highly suggest booking your own trip between the cities of Bergen, Flam, and Oslo.

If you personally buy tickets for each leg of the journey yourself, you can save money and also create the most efficient and less-crowded itinerary .

Don’t worry, it’s easy to do! We’ve broken down the Norway in a Nutshell steps one by one.

Here’s how it’s done:

You can begin in Oslo and travel to Bergen or the other way around. Let’s say you’re starting in Oslo.

You will book a 4 ½ hour train ride to the mountain top village of Myrdal. This is the longest leg of the journey and while scenic, an even more spectacular train ride is up next.

From Myrdal you will ride the most majestic train journey into the fjord village of Flam. It’s only 12 miles but the route takes 45 minutes as you wind through mountains next to waterfalls and valleys. You should book this leg of the journey well in advance.

Flam is a small village where many people decide to extend their trip and stay overnight. Book accommodations early if interested in this stopover. The towns of Aurland and Undredal are a little less convenient, but equally scenic towns to spend the night along the way.

The most dramatic parts of the journey continue as you board a fjord cruise from Flam to Gudvangen. Soak it all in as you cruise straight through the famed Naeroyfjord. Again, buy this ticket well in advance.

In Gudvangen, you will board a bus that winds its way around to the city of Voss. You are not able to book this ticket in advance, but don’t worry the bus provides enough room for all passengers on the ferry.

From Voss, you will travel by train an hour and twenty minutes to Bergen.

It may sound a little overwhelming to book yourself, but here it is in a nutshell…

If you are traveling the Norway in a Nutshell route from Oslo to Flam to Bergen, you’ll need to book:

• Train ticket from Oslo to Myrdal
• Train ticket from Myrdal to Flam
• Fjord cruise from Flam to Gudvangen
• (Buy a bus ticket from Gudvangen to Voss when you arrive)
• Train ticket from Voss to Bergen

(If you’re starting your journey in Bergen, just reverse this itinerary.)

3. You don’t need more than one night in Bergen.

Bergen is unbelievably beautiful, but the city center is compact and it also rains a LOT. An average of 240 days a year! Stay overnight downtown so you are close to everything, and you only need 24-36 hours to explore. Read this detailed article on how to spend your time in Bergen… Break from the Norm in Bergen, Norway. People short on time will appreciate saving more room for the middle of the Norway in a Nutshell journey, namely the fjords!

4. Pay attention to the weather and be flexible.

Being open to last minute change is important in many aspects of travel, but especially travel in Norway. The weather is very hit or miss. The city of Bergen, especially, doesn’t see much sun. It’s important to be flexible and make last minute changes to your itinerary if necessary to take full advantage of the rarely seen sunshine. Even if it costs extra money.

Here’s how it worked for us:

Keeping an eye on the weather, the forecast called for one solid sunshine-filled day at the beginning of our Norway in a Nutshell tour. We were starting our journey in Bergen. To take advantage of the sunshine, we changed our reservation and left Bergen earlier than scheduled. We had to pay extra, but it was well worth it. It allowed us to have a sunny fjord cruise to Flam.

We got unbelievable pictures of the blue sky and gorgeous fjords. (Check out our video here: Norway Fjords .)

Then we made it to Flam with enough time to have sunshine-filled views from the Stegastein lookout (a dramatic scenic overlook a half-hour from Flam.) Spending the night in Flam, we had planned on doing Stegastein the following day – but that’s one view you don’t want to see through the clouds!

We ended up getting the most stunning views and superb panoramas of the fjords – both at the Stegastein overlook and on the fjord cruise.

This was easily our most scenic day of our entire Norway travels.

When taking a dream vacation, it’s important to be smart about how you spend your money. That sometimes means spending more to see more – or to see it better.

Now, I’m not saying the exact same thing will happen on your Norway in a Nutshell trip – but just pay attention to the weather and remain flexible in your travel plans to make the most of your time abroad.

5. Don’t race through the middle of the Norway in a Nutshell journey.

Bergen is beautiful and Oslo is pleasant, but by far the most dramatic part of the trip is in between the two cities . Don’t rush this leg of the journey. I can’t stress this enough. Plan to spend a couple of nights in the Flam fjord region and savor being up close and personal with the awe-inspiring scenery.

6. Avoid cruise ship dockings in Flam.

The tiny village of Flam lies at the end of the Aurland Fjord and is a popular place to spend a couple of nights along the Norway in a Nutshell tour. And with good reason: The region’s mountain peaks reach more than 4,500 feet high and include many waterfalls while the striking fjord sparkles against the coast.

Flam’s population is about 400, but each year the village welcomes several hundred thousand visitors , many by cruise ships.

Here’s a tip to avoid the cruise crowds:

Go online to crew-center.com and research ahead of time when the cruise ships will be docking in Flam.

Then plan accordingly to avoid those dates/times if at all possible. We spent 2 days in Flam in May and managed to avoid seeing any cruise ships. That was especially important since the cottage we rented for our stay was right on the water and our views would have been majorly blocked by a cruise ship. Keep in mind this is easier done during the shoulder season as there are less dockings during the spring and fall.

7. Discover the many things to do in Flam.

Rent bikes and ride along the coast to a nearby village. Take a bus to the nearby Stegastein viewpoint – a dramatic overlook showcasing the sparkling fjord. Explore Flam’s historic stave church and the Flamsbana Museum. While exploring, stop in to the Aegir BrewPub for some delicious food and craft beer or for lighter fare – the Flam Bakery.

Whatever your choice of adventure, make memories amidst the amazing surroundings. Plan ahead when renting such things as bikes and kayaks – especially if you want to make use of the peaceful morning hours. We rented bikes the night before our early morning ride because we knew the bike shop wouldn’t be open as early as we needed.

8. Depart on a morning fjord cruise from Flam to avoid crowds.

In addition to enjoying the many things to do in Flam, overnighting in the village has other benefits. Flam is a destination in the middle of the Norway in a Nutshell tour. If you schedule your departure on a morning fjord cruise from Flam, you’ll avoid the crowds of people who are completing the journey between Oslo and Bergen all in one day – as they arrive and depart Flam mid-day.

9. Dress appropriately for the fjord cruise.

This point cannot be overstated! The fjords are why people visit Norway, so be prepared to take full advantage of the superb scenery as you sail right in the midst of them. Warning: The boat ride can get frigidly windy.

Bring warm clothing to put on so you can spend your time out on the deck of the boat instead of peering through a glare and fingerprint smudged window.

The dazzling blue water and the bright blue sky separated only by dramatic mountain walls are sure to be the highlight of your trip. As soon as you board, don all of your layers (long-sleeve shirt, sweater, jacket, hat, gloves, scarf, etc.) and make your way outside. (For a detailed list of items I packed for our May trip to Norway – click here: Packing Light for a Multi-temperature Trip .)

Ryan and I bundled up and never came back inside the boat until the end. Few people were out there with us – many tried but weren’t dressed warmly enough to stay out more than a couple of minutes. We had full sun the entire ride, which is rare for this journey. We were able to soak it all in while capturing sunny blue sky photographs – and thankfully not through the boat’s window.

Relish Norway’s beauty from Bergen to Flam to Oslo.

As you prepare to relish in Norway’s stunning surroundings, keep in mind the tips above to create the perfect itinerary and the trip of a lifetime.

Questions or comments about Norway in a Nutshell? Let us know in the comment section below. We’d love to hear from you!

You’ll also love.

March 23, 2023 at 5:53 pm

Planning our trip now. Thank you for the info! Would love to know more about the cottage your stayed in in Flam. Thanks!

March 24, 2023 at 7:29 am

Here is a link to the cottage we stayed in. We highly recommend it!! https://www.fretheimhytter.com/ Hope you have a great trip!

March 26, 2023 at 3:48 pm

to spend less time in bergen and more time in the middle, where else (besides flam) would you recommend staying a night? we have 4 nights set aside for the journey from oslo to bergen (including time in bergen) before we depart to copenhagen. we’re traveling in late july. thank you!

March 26, 2023 at 7:12 pm

Hi Amy, I’d spend a night in Bergen and then base yourself in Flam for the entire middle part of your journey. I wouldn’t venture to another town between Bergen and Oslo. There are plenty of things to do while basing yourself in Flam: lots of hiking, kayaking, boating and biking. You can take a bus trip to visit the Stegastein viewpoint., bike or take the train to nearby villages. You can explore overlooks, historic churches and buildings, plus some tour companies have excursions that leave from Flam and venture further out to other villages for the day. There’s even a zipline in the area if that sounds fun to you! I suggest researching the specific activities you’re interested in before you get there so you can make the most of your time. Hope that helps!

April 9, 2023 at 3:30 pm

This was incredibly helpful. We used Norway in a Nutshell on our last trip to Norway 6 years ago but this makes it easy to understand our options for our upcoming trip. Thanks so much!

April 10, 2023 at 8:24 am

You’re welcome, Gerri! Have a great trip!

April 11, 2023 at 9:56 am

Thank you v v helpful

April 13, 2023 at 12:43 pm

You’re welcome, Malcolm!

May 18, 2023 at 4:48 pm

Are there places for luggage on the trains and fjord cruise? You mentioned booking fjord cruise ahead of time, is this for the car ferry also? Thanks

May 18, 2023 at 10:54 pm

Yes, there are racks to put your luggage in both the trains and the fjord cruise. We didn’t use a car ferry, so I’m not sure if you need to book ahead for that, but I would assume so. Have fun!

December 3, 2023 at 9:55 pm

Thanks for the write up! Very helpful, I’m booking our train/boat tickets at the moment. We’re going to be there end of Feb so imagine it’ll be quite cold. We’ll arrive in Flam around 2pm and are staying the night. Would you recommend taking the morning or afternoon boat out of Flam? (originally I thought afternoon to enjoy more of Flam in the morning, but I see your point about the afternoon being busier with people doing the journey in one day)!

appreciate your advice. warm regards, from Australia!

December 4, 2023 at 11:46 am

Sam, since you are traveling this route in February I don’t believe you will have to worry about the crowds so much. And since you’re only spending one night in Flam, I’d plan to explore more of Flam in the morning and leave on an afternoon cruise. Have a great time!

February 4, 2024 at 3:45 am

Hello! So glad I found your blog post! Trying to plan our trip in May and will follow your DIY Norway in a Nutshell. Just wanted to ask, how was it traveling with your luggage? Were there areas to stow your luggage on the Bergen Line and Flamsbana? I saw on the Norway in a Nutshell website to only take an overnight bag and avail of luggage transfer service from Oslo to Bergen but I also want to do what you did of spending a few days in Flam.

Also, how far in advance did you guys book your train and cruise tickets? Thank you in advance!!

February 4, 2024 at 8:35 am

Hi Bianca, Traveling with our luggage was not a problem. There are storage racks on the trains, boat, and bus. Many people travel this route with their luggage. We booked our train tickets a little less than 3 months in advance and our cruise ticket about a month in advance. To be honest, I’m not sure why we did it in that order. A better idea is to book your cruise ticket first. There are many train times/options to work with once you know the time of your cruise. Hope you have a wonderful time. Norway is gorgeous in May!!

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This recent surge has been driven mainly by a new group of closely related Covid subvariants, known collectively as "FLiRT."

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How alarming are FLiRT variants?  

Coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, frequently mutate to avoid recognition by antibodies. The two FLiRT mutations remove the sites on the virus where antibodies bind the SARS-CoV-2 virus.    

Additional mutations on the FLiRT variants can either help the virus bind more efficiently to ACE2 receptors making it more infectious, help it evade previous immunity, or both, says Adrian Esterman, an epidemiologist at the University of South Australia, Allied Health & Human Performance in Adelaide, Australia

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Early studies show that all existing FLiRT subvariants are very good at   dodging previous immunity   acquired through multiple Covid vaccinations—including the most recent Covid bivalent booster—or a   breakthrough infection   from a previous strain of Omicron.

But the good news is that by escaping the antibodies, the FLiRT variants have also seem to   lost some ability to infect their target   because the virus needed the original   antibody-binding sites to bind the ACE2   receptor and enter cells.  

"These variants are not yet particularly concerning, even with the new mutations that affect certain aspects of the virus's biology," says Shan-Lu Liu, a virologist at the Ohio State University.  

It is common for viruses to acquire mutations that help them dodge immunity, which can affect their ability to infect cells, says Liu. "The viruses can quickly evolve new mutations to restore their infectivity."      

But in the meantime, Sato thinks that waning immunity from previous vaccinations and infections, coupled with the FLiRT variant's ability to dodge remaining immunity, are probably the main reason for the recent surge in infections.      

Liu also agrees that the currently rising numbers of COVID infections are mostly due to low booster uptake and increased summer travel.  

Are COVID vaccines and medicines still effective?

Emergency department visits ,   hospitalizations,   and   deaths   have all spiked during this summer but are still much lower compared to earlier waves of the pandemic.  

There is   no indication   that these new FLiRT variants are more dangerous than other Omicron strains.

Research shows that vaccination remains   effective in preventing severe Covid-19 .  

But the current Covid vaccines are based on XBB.1.5, an earlier subvariant of Omicron. While this vaccine produces antibodies that still target the FLiRT variants, the   efficiency is notably reduced .  

A recent infection from the JN.1 variant   seems to provide strong protection   against all the FLiRT variants.    

Therefore, vaccine regulators are now recommending updated Covid vaccines for this fall based on the JN.1 and related FLiRT variants.  

The updated influenza and Covid-19 vaccines are expected to be widely   available in September . CDC recommends that everyone six months and older get a Covid vaccine. Those at high risk for serious COVID-19 should get vaccinated with a 2023-2024 Covid vaccine.  

A study shows that   Paxlovid is still effective against FLiRT variants . Other antiviral drugs such as molnupiravir and remdesivir are also expected to work since   their mechanism of action is not affected   by mutations in the spike protein.

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The voyage of the Altar Stone: A Stonehenge mystery solved (maybe)

Researchers revealed that the long-mysterious Altar Stone at the heart of the world’s most famous prehistoric monument came from faraway Scotland.

LONDON — The world’s most famous prehistoric monument continues to surprise and amaze. Researchers on Wednesday revealed that the long-mysterious “Altar Stone” at the heart of Stonehenge came from faraway Scotland, raising tantalizing new questions about how — and why — a six-ton slab of sandstone made its way from north to south 5,000 years ago.

Aliens? Not likely, unless the government knows something we don’t. Could it have been deposited nearby by ice - age glaciers that covered Britain during the woolly mammoth Pleistocene? Probably not. The ice sheets in Scotland were moving north, not south, and so deposited their moraines in the opposite direction.

So we are left with two theories: that the Altar Stone was dragged 500 miles or more overland by our Neolithic forebears, before the invention of the wheel, across the high hills and through the dense forests of prehistoric Britain; or, as these scientists speculate, that the stone was ferried via sea by Stone Age mariners, a routing that “demonstrates a high level of societal organization with intra-Britain transport during the Neolithic period.”

Meaning? That Neolithic peoples were capable of delivering a Stone Age prehistoric FedEx package weighing 13,227 pounds from as far north as the Orkney Islands off the coast of Scotland to the Salisbury Plain southwest of present-day London, with the understanding that six tons is approximately the weight of a full-grown male African elephant.

Such a delivery might have taken a decade or more — but “just in time” is relative.

At this point, the scientists say your guess is about as good as theirs, which is why Stonehenge remains “a wonder of the world.”

The new research, led by scientists at Curtin University in Australia, is jaw-dropping — upending a century of geological inquiry to conclude that the Altar Stone, long believed to originate from Wales, actually hails from Scotland, and would have had to make a trip of 450 to 600 miles.

The stone must have meant a lot to the people back then. There is other evidence of other stones being moved from stone circle to stone circle.

“But this is a very, very long way,” said Heather Sebire, senior curator at Stonehenge for the group English Heritage. She called the new findings “amazing.”

What was Stonehenge — a burial site, a meeting place, an astronomical clock or a “computer”?

The Altar Stone has always been a spooky outlier, unique in its composition and its placement, and one of the most analyzed pieces of stone ever, a kind of moon rock for the archaeologist set.

You can visit it today. It lies at the center, the heart, of the stone circle but was found recumbent, lying flat, on the horizontal. When did it arrive? Maybe 2500 B.C. Could it have come to Stonehenge later? Sure, but the builders might have had to squeeze it into place.

Nobody knows whether the Altar Stone served as an altar, just as the nearby “ Slaughter Stone ” probably had nothing to do with sacrifice — human or otherwise. These were just the romantic (lurid) names that the early pearl-clutching antiquarians gave the rocks, imagining druids doing their nasty business to appease some unholy deities.

A 25-year-old PhD student named Anthony Clarke, who is originally from Wales and visited Stonehenge as a child, led the search for the provenance of the Altar Stone.

Clarke and colleagues examined two polished samples of the stone, each thinner than a strand of hair — and wow.

Robert Ixer, an archaeologist at University College London, an authority on the geology of Stonehenge and a co-author of the paper that appears in the journal Nature, said the team in Australia had just two samples of the Altar Stone to work with.

“But that was enough,” he told The Washington Post.

He called the new provenance of the Altar Stone “astonishing.” Ixer spent much of his career assuming the Altar Stone was from Wales, still a far distance, but not nearly as far away as Scotland.

So precious is the Neolithic monument, a World Heritage site, that it is no longer possible to take a hammer and chisel, as the Victorians and their predecessors did, and knock off a chunk to examine.

Ixer explained that the two samples in the research paper included one collected in the 1840s with a hammer, and a second from the 1920s, which was excavated at the site as a bit of detritus. And it is those two slivers that led researchers to a conclusion about the geographic provenance of the Altar Stone.

“They are both fragments of the Altar Stone with the exact same characteristics,” Ixer said.

The analysis of the Altar Stone was also overseen by Chris Kirkland at the Timescales of Mineral Systems Group within Curtin’s School of Earth and Planetary Sciences. The cutting-edge laboratory usually spends its time helping to look for iron ore and gold deposits.

In this case, the group used lasers to light and mass spectrometers to explore the individual grains in the Altar Stone sliver, paying most attention to the minerals apatite, rutile and zircon, which decays at a known rate and so becomes a kind of “geologic clock” for dating material.

They found the specific grains in the Altar Stone contained minerals that were as old as 2 billion years and others 450 million years old, which produced a kind of chemical fingerprint.

The geologists from Curtin say with 95 percent certainty that the Altar Stone is Old Red Sandstone from the Orcadian Basin in northeast Scotland, an area that stretches from the Orkney Islands to Inverness.

Two other stones make up most of the Stonehenge assemblage. The big sarsen stones, which form the upright posts and lintels in the postcards, the dramatic images of the monument, came from nearby quarries, not many miles away.

The others are called “bluestones,” which form the outer circle, and those stones came from quarries in Wales.

How all the sarsen and bluestones were moved remains a hotly debated topic — were they wrapped in willow baskets and rolled? Or pushed along on sleds, or rolled on logs, or just dragged by humans with rope and leather, maybe helped by oxen?

As for the Altar Stone, these researchers like a maritime route. They point out that Neolithic people introduced the common vole from continental Europe to Orkney. There is also evidence of the long-distance marine transport of cattle and quarried stone tools and pottery. Goods and animals crossed the English Channel way back then.

Researchers have found evidence of Neolithic dugout canoes — but mostly in rivers, not seaside. Seagoing rafts, perhaps boats with hulls lined with animal skins? That is a good guess, but there is little physical evidence on the shorelines because these kinds of materials decay quickly.

The geologists here say that more geologists will now work hard to pinpoint the exact place in Scotland where the Altar Stone came from — and they confess that another generation of archaeologists will puzzle to figure out how and why the stone was moved, perhaps never to know.

“As these things may be lost to history,” as Clarke said. Or maybe not.

Tim Walz's military record: What to know about potential VP's National Guard service

Democratic presidential candidate Kamala Harris selected Minnesota Governor Tim Walz as her running mate on Tuesday, choosing a progressive yet plain-spoken VP candidate from America’s heartland to help her win over rural, white voters.

“I’m pleased to share that I’ve made my decision: Minnesota Governor Tim Walz will join our campaign as my running mate,” Harris said via text to supporters. “Tim is a battle-tested leader who has an incredible track record of getting things done for Minnesota families. I know that he will bring that same principled leadership to our campaign, and to the office of the vice president.”

We look at Walz, a 60-year-old U.S. Army National Guard veteran, and his military career over the years.

More: Tim Walz is Kamala Harris' VP pick: Minnesota governor named running mate: Live updates

How long was Walz in the military?

Walz served in the military for 24 years, enlisting in the Nebraska National Guard at 17 in 1981 and then transferring to the Minnesota National Guard in 1996. He retired in 2005 to begin his successful run for the U.S. House, representing Minnesota as command sergeant major, among the highest ranks for enlisted soldiers. His battalion went on to deploy to Iraq shortly after Walz's retirement.

Sign-up for Your Vote: Text with the USA TODAY elections team.

Walz specialized in heavy artillery and had proficiency ribbons in sharpshooting and hand grenades.

But during the 21 years that Walz spent working with large artillery pieces, he suffered hearing loss and tinnitus in both ears, Minnesota Public Radio reported. He was allowed to continue his service after undergoing surgery, which partially resolved his hearing loss.

Where did Walz serve, and what did he do in the National Guard?

During his service, Walz responded to natural disasters, including floods and tornadoes in Minnesota and Nebraska, and was deployed overseas for months at a time, according to MPR.

In 2003, he was sent to Italy, where he served with the European Security Force to support the war in Afghanistan. He was also stationed in Norway for joint training with other NATO militaries.

Walz told MPR that he reenlisted in the National Guard after the September 11 attacks but never saw active combat in his years in the military.

Stars and Stripes reported in 2020 that Walz credited his Army experience with helping him steer Minnesota through the COVID-19 pandemic as governor.

As governor of Minnesota, Walz is commander in chief of the 13,000-soldier Minnesota National Guard. “I’m certainly proud of my military service, but it’s one piece of me,” he told Minnesota Public Radio in 2018. “It doesn’t define me.”

Reuters and USA TODAY reporter Tom Vanden Brook contributed to this story.

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Don’t miss a thing on this exhilarating Scandinavian trip. Your travels will feature fjords, glaciers and staggering scenery. Meet Santa Claus in Lapland, experience the friluftsliv of your Norwegian hosts and venture across the Arctic Circle to the land of the Midnight Sun.

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"Scandinavia is just as much and sometimes more about the journey than the destination. It is like watching national geographic out the window as we're driving around the Norwegian Fjords. Driving in to Geiranger in Norway is one of the most stunning drives you can do in the world. I've visited 80 countries and haven't seen any better yet"

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Explore Norway's rich seafaring heritage in Oslo

Norway’s remarkable seafaring heritage will unfold in the capital of Oslo, which sits at the head of a 60-mile fjord with a mountainous vista. Spend time walking through four nautical museums clustered together in Bygdøy, and be amazed by ships, instruments, treasures and artefacts from saltier days gone by.

Drive north past fjords, lakes and forests

With this country’s astonishing arrangement of sea, sky and rock, there’s no better way to explore than by taking the road. You will find true appreciation for Norway as we wind past fisherman’s cabins, berry farms and tranquil lakes towards the forests and soul-stirring fjords.

See the beautifully preserved wooden buildings of Stavanger

Travel back to the 18th century with a visit to Gamle Stavanger, a neighborhood of historically preserved houses. Originally home to the sardine canning industry, these white cottages will delight you with their gabled terracotta roofs, cobbled pavements, black lanterns and overflowing flower boxes.

Tour up the hillside by funicular railway in Bergen

Connecting the centre of Bergen with the mountain of Fløyen is the funicular railway, where two vehicles counterbalance each other using cable traction up an inclined slope. The only railway of its kind in Scandinavia, it is one of the most popular things to do in Norway. Admire unrivalled views during this 6-minute voyage.

See the world's best-preserved Viking ships in Oslo

Oslo is home to the world’s best-preserved Viking ships, with a beauty that is testament to both their preservation and original craftsmanship. Take time to view the intricate Viking sagas carved into many of these longships, which were often considered so important their owners were buried in them.

Our top 5 things to do in Norway

Norway’s intrepid history, emotional terrain and European location provide an intriguing mix of activities. Travel with Trafalgar and we will show you the very best.

Viking Ship Museum

Take in the world’s best-preserved Viking ships, the Gokstad, at the Viking Ship Museum in Oslo. These black, ornate treasures whisper the secrets of Norway’s heritage and highlight the immense skill required for crafting these vessels. Spare time for the Oseberg, a ship used as burial for two women surrounded by burial gifts that can still be seen.

Fortress of Akershus

Strategically located at the very end of Oslo’s headland, the Fortress of Akershus was built in the 1300’s to house and protect the royal. One of the best things to do in Oslo, you will feel the weight of history in a space that withstood a number of sieges throughout the ages and later served as a military base.

Kon-Tiki Museum

Step into the ultimate museum for adventurers and explorers, the Kon-tiki Museum in Oslo. This space is home to a library of 8,000 books as well as vessels and maps pertaining to the infamous 1947 Kon-tiki expedition led by Norwegian writer and explorer, Thor Heyerdahl. Be transported to Polynesia, South America, the Galapagos and beyond.

Best museums in Norway

With a famed history of explorers from the Vikings to Thor Heyerdahl, the museums we visit have rich stories that combine education and enjoyment. Journey with Trafalgar and you will feel Norway’s history at your fingertips.

The Norwegian lefse is a flatbread, strikingly similar to the Mexican tortilla or North Indian roti, with the Nordic variety made with flour and milk or cream with various Nordic fillings. Try it savoury with potatoes and sweet with cinnamon and brown sugar.

Pickled Herring

Experiment with slithers of herring during your Norway trip, trying this fish smoked above a fireplace, raw, boiled, buttered or simmered in beer. A big part of the Norwegian diet still to this day, this meal is a cultural necessity when visiting even if the initial concept makes you squirm.

Traditionally served in Autumn to mark the rounding up and returning of grazing mountain sheep, the lamb, cabbage and potato stew of fårikål can now be enjoyed year-round. Considered the national dish of Norway, it’s a must during trips to Norway, particularly when cool weather rolls in.

Best food in Norway

Enjoy traditional Norwegian food in the very place the meals originated. With simple ingredients and rich flavours, the dishes we share with you on a trip to Norway will connect you with the authentic culinary heritage of the country.

What to pack for Norway

Mountain boots

Even if your Norway holiday is more focused on museums and restaurants than trekking and outdoor activities, wearing mountain boots will make you feel at home with the Norwegian spirit. Even if all you do in them is eat fårikål and drink mulled wine.

Sleeping mask

During the Norwegian summer, there are times when the sun never goes down. Pack a sleeping mask if you need a complete blackout in order to sleep.

Even during the winter, ice fields and glacier territory can reflect the sun and burn your skin. Pack sunscreen to save a crimson glow appearing in your holiday photos.

Picnic blanket and a good book

Enjoy the scenery of Norway by finding a moment of stillness in a park with a blanket, a good book and a thermos of coffee. The picnic blanket may take up space in your bag, but it will double as extra warmth when the weather gets cool.

With lots of walking to be done in the forests, mountains and cities, plasters for blisters may prove useful during your trip; particularly if you’re wearing new shoes that haven’t been broken in.

Pack for sustainable travel

Consider your environmental impact when you next take a trip and go single-use-plastic-free by packing a reusable water bottle, a steel straw, your own shopping bags and reusable toiletry bottles.

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Fjords, Glaciers, Coastlines

With a rugged countryside of mountains, fjords, and glaciers, travel in Norway is filled with natural wonders. Part of its allure is its rich history and seafaring culture that reaches back to the days of the Vikings who inhabited Norway throughout the 9th century. Known as the ‘Land of the Midnight Sun,’ you can explore even longer with its endless summer days. Some of the best ways to tour Norway is to explore by bike, boat, car, skis, or even by husky-drawn sled.

Destination Must-See's

One of Norway’s most historic and colorful cities, Bergen is sure to charm even the most season traveler. At the picturesque old Bryggen Wharf, you’ll feel like you have stepped into the pages of a storybook with its rows of tiny wooden houses sitting on narrow streets. The outdoor fish market sets the stage for a glimpse into local life and gives you a taste of the culinary delights important to this seafaring city.

Nestled between the Oslofjord and forested hills lies Oslo, Norway’s capital since 1814. Oslo is the center of Norwegian government and home to its royal family. You’ll find a vibrant, emerging cosmopolitan hub with an abundance of world-class museums, restaurants and art. Norway’s King Harald V and Queen Sonja reside here, and the UN considered it to be one of the best places in the world to live.

The Flåm Railway Museum:

Learn about one of the steepest, most picturesque railways in the world at the Flåm Railway Museum. Located in Flåm’s former train station, the museum features exhibitions about the day-to-day life of the engineers who built this unique line and tells the story of the railway’s history through pictures, text, historic artifacts, and multimedia presentations.

Glaciers and fjords:

Norway is known for its massive glaciers that feed its deep blue fjords. There are so many to see, from the largest glacier in Europe to the one of the narrowest fjords in the world. Two of these natural wonders are recognized by UNESCO World Heritage and are simply incredible.

Destination Must-Do's

Arctic Circle Crossing:

Here is a bucket list item you can check off your list – take a cruise that crosses the Arctic Circle. The Norwegian Coastal Voyage not only does just that but it is considered the world’s prettiest coastal route. Gaze at the distant rugged peaks and to the infinite sky…keep an eye out for sea life as you pass through fjords and by sleepy fishing villages.

Flam Railway

In the quaint village of Flam, nestled at the entrance to the stunning Aurlandsfjord, embark on one of the world’s steepest train rides — the renowned Flam Railway. Ascend 3,000 feet, passing mighty waterfalls, towering mountains and amazing valleys on your way to the mountain plateau of Myrdal. Make your way to the edge for the best view of the fjord of Flam below and the breathtaking surrounding landscape.

Geirangerfjord Cruise:

Board a ferryboat for an exhilarating cruise on Geirangerfjord. Known for some of the most beautiful scenery in Norway, you are sure to be awed by one of the most famous fjords in the world. You will find Norway’s mighty waterfalls: the Seven Sisters, the Bridal Veil and the Suitor here. See charming homes that sit on the steep hillside beside acres of farmland that have been cultivated for centuries.

Bergen Railway:

Europe’s most scenic rail journey is not to be missed. An engineering marvel built at the turn of the 20th century, you will be stunned at the effort it must have taken back then to make the 182 tunnels through mountains of sheer rock. Have your camera ready as this legendary ride takes you by Norway’s most tranquil and stunning landscapes, including a breathtaking fjord.

Expert Advice

Just ask a Norwegian and they will tell you “there is no such thing as bad weather in Norway – only bad clothes.” So be sure to bring the right clothing. Layers are key. The weather in Oslo is much different than the weather in the mountains and even in Bergen. Just be prepared, and you will enjoy any weather.

Norwegians love their seafood. You will be able to try all types of fish prepared in many different ways. Don’t worry about it being too spicy, Norwegian food is light on the spice and heavier on the herbs and dairy.

Norway is known for making the best woolen handmade sweaters. If you are in the market, keep an eye out in particular for Selbu and Dale of Norway.

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Editoral Review of National Geographic Expeditions

In 1999, National Geographic launched their own tour company component: National Geographic Expeditions. Since then they have expanded to offer trips on all 7 continents in over 60 destinations. Recently they partnered with G Adventures to provide even more variety to their devoted customers.

What Makes National Geographic Expeditions Stand Out?

• Multiple modes of travel
• Expert guides and photographers
• After hours and special access to sites

With National Geographic, you can travel by small, expedition-style ships; classic train journeys; land tours; active adventures; photo tours; family-oriented trips; or private, independent expeditions based on your desires and budget.

Wherever you go with National Geographic, which has been in the tour business for 15 years, you can expect doors to open: entry to research sites, archaeological digs, private homes or special events.

Many expeditions are accompanied by a National Geographic expert or expert team who share their knowledge and passion for a region and help make each experience enriching and unforgettable.

Who Will Enjoy Traveling With National Geographic Expeditions?

• Photography enthusiasts
• Adventurous minded
• Nature lovers
• History buffs
• Life long learners

National Geographic is one of those special brands that has managed to successfully straddle the line between “your grandfather loves them” and “your eighteen year old sister loves them”. They cover a wide range of topics, themes, and travel styles, with the educational aspect always prevalent yet not overbearing.

If you love feeling like an explorer and an adventurer when you travel, and love learning about the world from experts in a variety of fields, National Geographic is the perfect place for you. This is a company for those who want to dig deeper, like getting the inside story from multiple perspectives - historical, cultural, political, economic, scientific and more.

National Geographic trips are great for families, and you can choose a private tour or a family friendly group, where hands on activities will widen your children’s worldview in innumerable special ways.

National Geographic trips are also extremely popular with photographers - novice photographers will enjoy their photography-centric tours, while many dedicated hobbyists can be found on their other trip styles as well.

If you’re the kind of traveler who sacrifices the space for a pair of shoes in your suitcase for another lens or photography accessory...you’ll be right at home on a trip with National Geographic Expeditions.

In the same way that National Geographic magazine has always inspired and furthered conversation and discourse, so too do their trips. The spirit of learning about the world is intertwined in every itinerary, so if you consider yourself a lifelong student, you should definitely consider traveling with National Geographic Expeditions.

Top Destinations

National Geographic Expeditions go all around the world, and cover almost every travel style imaginable. One might think they have a favoring of the more “exotic” locations but an impressive number of United States and European tours are offered as well as farther reaching destinations. National Geographic Expeditions in the Galapagos are especially popular.

Regardless of where you travel, you will be sure to get off the beaten path and discover unique cultural landmarks, meet interesting people, and enjoy a sense of adventure.

Small-ship expeditions, done in conjunction with Lindblad Expeditions, can take you to Antarctica, the Galapagos and points beyond. Classic train journeys include the Trans-Siberian and trains through India, Spain, and Switzerland. Active adventures might take you hiking in Bhutan or meeting Berbers in Morocco. Land tours could take you to Tanzania, Peru or the Grand Canyon.

National Geographic Expeditions Travel Style

The travel style with National Geographic Expeditions has an aura of old fashioned exploration with a modern twist.

National Geographic Expeditions is a family friendly outfit, offering a wide range of prices and trip styles. Trips vary from mid range budget to higher. Physical level is usually light to moderate.

By virtue of their longstanding presence in the world, National Geographic has a wide reaching global network to lean on for incredibly unique and authentic lodging options, knowledgeable guides, and VIP access to historical and archaeological sites.

They have several broad travel styles you can choose from:

Land Trips - National Geographic Land Trips are immersive explorations, often covering nature and wilderness points of interest such as national parks. They also dive into ancient cities and cultures, with trips exploring everything from monks in Burmese mountainside temples to the lives of nomadic Mongolian peoples. Most trips are around 11 days and physical level is between light and moderate, with some trips featuring moderately challenging hikes in various altitudes.

River Cruises - a relatively new addition, Nat Geo now offers around 7 river cruises in Europe covering the Danube, Rhine, and Douro. Currently they also have 1 river cruise in Asia, along the Irrawaddy. These trips are typically between 7 - 11 days and feature wine tasting, history tours, and very light physical activity.

Private Expeditions - If you and your family, significant other, or a few close friends are looking for a more intimate travel experience than a group of strangers, Private Expeditions are a great way to travel. These trips are customizable, and can be crafted to perfectly suit your interests and dates.

Photography Trips - National Geographic has consistently featured award winning travel photography. They run regular contests for those inspired by the thousands of groundbreaking and historic photographs taken by journalists and travel photographers around the world. On National Geographic photography trips you can actually learn tricks of the trade from real-world photographers and improve your skills.

Train Trips - Travel was revolutionized with the implementation of the railroad, allowing people to travel in what was then a rapid pace from destination to destination. Today this ideal has been flipped on its head, and train travel is a leisurely paced excursion allowing time to relax and appreciate the slower meandering through beautiful countrysides. National Geographic train trips cover the classics, such as the Trans-Siberian railway and the Rocky Mountain railroad. Accommodations are comfortable, around a premium level, with options to upgrade.

Active Expeditions - For those who enjoy a bit more of an adrenaline pumping and active travel experience, National Geographic also has trips for you. These trips feature multiple active outings, such as kayaking, hiking, and caving. Expect to explore the outdoors covering unique natural phenomena and gaining insight into how and why the landscape has been shaped the way it has. These trips also feature cultural insights, just to a lesser extent.

Family Expeditions - National Geographic is the perfect company to travel with when you have curious and adventurous youngsters eager to see the world. They will learn about other cultures, people, food, nature and wildlife from experts with “cool jobs” that might even inspire lifelong interests and perhaps influence a career. These trips are specifically designed to be hands on, allowing everyone to get involved and learn about how things work.

Private Jet Trips - For a luxurious and more lengthy travel experience, nothing beats a Private Jet tour. A dedicated team will be with you, and you’ll experience all the best that National Geographic has to offer from local guides to premiere accommodation. These trips are in a very high budget range, but if it’s in your wheelhouse - it’s a superb way to travel and cover a lot of ground.

Journeys - Part of a partnership with G Adventures, these trips are adventurous and immersive small group excursions imbued with the spirit of National Geographic. The best of two top travel worlds!

Why Choose a Tour  With National Geographic Expeditions?

When you travel with National Geographic you are participating in and contributing to a spectacular legacy. Over the years National Geographic has cultivated a reputation for being about cultural exploration, scientific advancement, and broadening perspectives.

Their travel experiences are perfect for anyone wishing to get back to the roots of what adventurous, experiential travel really means and enjoy discovering the world from multiple angles.

Really one of the best parts about traveling on a tour with National Geographic Expeditions is the sheer breadth of knowledge, personal and professional experience their guides bring to the table. They help provide richly detailed context, historical information, and dive into the details of local life, by showing and doing as well as explaining. You the traveler will have the true experience of getting to know a place from the inside out.

If that wasn’t enough of a reason, proceeds from your trip price go towards supporting National Geographic’s ongoing nonprofit work in conservation, exploration, education, and cultural preservation.

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About the company.

National Geographic Expeditions span the globe and are designed to reflect our travelers' broad spectrum of interests, from small-ship expeditions and classic train journeys to photography workshops and family adventures. When you travel with us, you'll enjoy boundless opportunities to be surrounded by natural wonders and exotic wildlife, to explore celebrated archaeological sites, to learn about different cultures and share in local traditions. A National Geographic expert or expert team accompanies each expedition, sharing their knowledge and passion for a region and making each experience enriching and unforgettable.

An Extraordinary Legacy of Exploration

National Geographic Expeditions, the travel program of the National Geographic Society, was founded on the same belief in the importance of exploration that distinguishes the Society's 125-year history. Launched in 1999, National Geographic Expeditions now operates hundreds of trips each year, spanning all seven continents and more than 60 destinations.

Since its founding in 1888, the Society has developed incredible resources—from its network of experts, contacts, and Society-sponsored researchers all over the globe, to the top-tier editorial staff of National Geographic and National Geographic Traveler magazines, and the books, maps, and film and television divisions. National Geographic Expeditions taps these resources to create unique and authentic expeditions to fascinating parts of the world.

As part of the National Geographic Travel group, National Geographic Expeditions aims to fulfill the Society's mission to inspire people to care about the planet by providing meaningful opportunities to explore it. Proceeds from all travel programs support the Society’s efforts to increase global understanding through exploration, education and scientific research.

National Geographic Adventures

National Geographic Adventures are unique, active itineraries for intrepid travelers that feature spectacular places, cultural interaction, and physical challenge: the perfect mix for an unforgettable adventure. Trek through some of the world's most legendary mountain ranges and veer far off the beaten path, discovering wild landscapes by foot, kayak, horseback, or camel. Each adventure has a designated activity level—from Easy to Ultimate Challenge, and you'll have the option to take it easy or push your limits on a harder hike throughout most trips. Your group will never be larger than 16 travelers, and you'll explore in the company of top guides, enjoying adventures that are both physically active and culturally rewarding.

National Geographic Student Expeditions

National Geographic Student Expeditions offer active summer travel experiences for high school students in some of the world's most amazing places. With the guidance of dynamic trip leaders and top National Geographic experts, students explore their interests, build new skills, and experience new landscapes and cultures firsthand. Each type of program—expedition, field workshop, community service trip, and photo workshop—is designed to educate and inspire, combining adventure, discovery, and cultural immersion. Photo workshops are led by a National Geographic photographer and include instruction and daily photo shoots. Students in our community service programs live in a village and work with community members on a variety of service projects. On each expedition and field workshop, students get involved in a unique, hands-on project that allows them to delve deeper into a specific topic—such as photography, wildlife and conservation, filmmaking, or archaeology—and further engage with the places they visit.

National Geographic Difference

Travel that’s tailored to your interests: Whether you're a budding photographer, a natural history enthusiast, a parent looking for a great family trip, or a traveler seeking an active adventure, you'll find an array of opportunities that fit your passions and interests.

The beauty of happenstance: Some of the best moments in travel occur when you least expect them. So that you can savor these instances and enjoy each place in a way that’s meaningful to you, we offer options and build free time into our itineraries wherever we can.

Travel in good company: Lasting friendships often begin on National Geographic Expeditions. Your traveling companions are Society members like you: active, engaged, and curious about the world.

Explore the world in comfort and style: Whether you're relaxing in the arcaded courtyard of a 15th-century monastery in Peru or speeding through Siberia on a private luxury train, our accommodations are carefully selected for their exceptional quality, location, and character.

We'll take care of the details: Leave the legwork to us. We take care of the logistics and details so you can relax, enjoy, and immerse yourself in the places you are exploring.

Exceptional resources at your fingertips: To help prepare for your trip, we’ll send you detailed information specific to your trip, including National Geographic books, articles, or maps relating to your destination. You’ll also receive a 20-percent discount on your next purchase* from our gift catalog or online store—shopng.com—as well as a free one-year subscription to a National Geographic magazine of your choice.

We’ve explored the world for 125 years. Now, let us take you with us!

National Geographic Expeditions Trips & Specials

Tibet and Nepal: Journey to the Highest Himalaya

Southern Africa Safari Experience

Columbia and Snake Rivers Journey

Egypt Private Expedition

Archaeological Wonders of Southern Italy and Sicily

Grand Canyon, Bryce, and Zion National Parks Family Adventure

South Africa Family Adventure

Want a tailor-made trip instead, your trip, your way, planned by an expert:.

• You choose budget, destinations, activities, transport & lodging type
• Expert designs the itinerary for you, and once approved, takes care of logistics

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Do I need Travel Insurance?

While trip insurance is optional for National Geographic Expeditions trips, it is highly recommended. On National Geographic Journey's, basic travel insurance is required. National Geographic can assist with travel insurance packages.

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