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Tour de France Winners List

The most successful rider in the Tour de France was Lance Armstrong , who finished first seven times before his wins were removed from the record books after being found guilty of doping by the USADA in 2012. No rider has been named to replace him for those years.

> see also more information about how they determine the winners of the Tour

General Classification Winners

* footnotes

• 1904: The original winner was Maurice Garin, however he was found to have caught a train for part of the race and was disqualified.
• 1996: Bjarne Riis has admitted to the use of doping during the 1996 Tour. The Tour de France organizers have stated they no longer consider him to be the winner, although Union Cycliste Internationale has so far refused to change the official status due to the amount of time passed since his win. Jan Ullrich was placed second.
• 1999-2005: these races were originally won by Lance armstrong, but in 2012 his wins in the tour de france were removed due to doping violations.
• 2006: Floyd Landis was the initial winner but subsequently rubbed out due to a failed drug test.
• 2010: Alberto Contador was the initial winner of the 2010 event, but after a prolonged drug investigation he was stripped of his win in 2012.

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The Tour de France's first doping scandal, 100 years on

By Simon Smale

Topic: Road Cycle Racing

Henri Pélissier was celebrated after winning the Tour de France in 1923. ( Getty Images: Roger Viollet )

The Tour de France is a race that has always been intrinsically linked with its past.

The race drips with its own sense of self, with its history dictating everything from its route to its idiosyncratic quirks.

This year's 111th edition is no different.

For the first time since 1903, Paris will play no role in the route, a by-product of the imminent Olympic Games.

That wasn't an issue in 1924, incidentally, when the Grande Arrivée into the Parc des Princes velodrome in Paris clashed with the final day of the swimming, tennis and boxing, and came slap-bang in the middle of the gymnastics.

But times change and now, a century on, the sporting and cultural behemoth that is the Olympic Games takes precedent.

So, the Tour was forced to change things up — and looked no further than into its extensive back-catalogue for alternative inspiration.

They settled on honouring the Tour's first Italian champion, Ottavio Bottecchia, with a Grand Départ in Florence, Italy for the first time.

Ottavio Bottecchia won the first of his two Tours de France in 1924, but was dead three years later. ( Getty Images )

The race will have three stages in Italy before the race crosses into southern France .

That 1924 victory was the first of two consecutive Tours de France wins Bottecchia achieved before his mysterious death in 1927 — but that's another story.

Bottecchia was, by all accounts, the strongest in the race, but his passage towards victory was no doubt aided, in part, by the acrimonious exit of defending champion Henri Pélissier, to whom Bottecchia finished second in 1923.

Pélissier was one of the great French cyclists either side of World War I, winning a total of 10 Tour d France stages, split before and after the conflict as well as claiming victories in Milan-San Remo, Paris-Brussels, Bordeaux-Paris and Paris-Tours.

He also won Paris–Roubaix twice and the Tour of Lombardy three times to round off an impressive and imposing resume.

Aside from being a terrific rider, the cantankerous Parisian was also a firm believer in getting a fair go for his fellow riders.

He frequently butted heads with Tour de France founder, Henri Desgrange over the spartan conditions the race director imposed on the competitors, both on the Tour and at other races throughout the calendar.

The 'calvary' of early Tours de France

Henri Desgrange founded newspaper, l'Auto, which evolved into current publication, l'Equipe, and created the Tour de France in 1903 to help circulation. ( Getty Images: Albert Harlingue/Roger Viollet )

Tours de France have always been extreme tests of endurance.

This year's race covers 3,499.2km with almost 53,000m of elevation gain.

Overall, riders will expect to be racing for a total of 80 or so hours over the course of the three-week, 21-stage race.

That's nothing compared to 1924, though.

A century ago, riders completed a whopping 5,425km shared across just 15 stages — Pélissier complained later that the race was like "a calvary," only the way to the cross only had 14 stations — the Tour had 15.

"You have no idea what the Tour de France is," he added, speaking to French journalist Albert Londres, whose reports in le Petit Parisien newspaper created a sensation when they were published.

The shortest of those 15 stages was a mountainous 275km from Nice to Briançon in the Alps — 44km longer than the lengthiest stage on this year's route. The longest was a barely conceivable 482km from Les Sables-d'Olonne to Bayonne which took 19 hours and 40 minutes to complete.

Bottecchia's total winning time was a shade over 222 hours, or just over nine days in the saddle.

Ottavio Bottecchia (second in this picture) won his second Tour de France in 1925. ( Getty Images: Topical Press Agency )

But it wasn't just the distances.

A stickler for observing archaic and antagonistic rules, Desgrange demanded that every rider finished with the same equipment that they started each stage with.

That meant any punctured tyres needed to be carried with them and any extra jackets or jumpers that were being worn at the start of the stage — which often started in the cold, early hours of the morning before sunrise, before riding through the heat of a French summer's day — had to be worn at the finish.

"We don't only have to work like donkeys, we have to freeze or suffocate as well," Pélissier said.

"Apparently that's an important part of the sport."

After an instance where Pélissier was docked time for losing one of his jerseys, he said he went to find Desgrange, who told him that he could not throw away anything provided by the race organisers. 

Pélissier's argument that the race had not provided him the jerseys — Pélissier, unlike other riders, had arranged his own sponsorship — adding that he would quit the race in protest.

He eventually did so, taking his brother Francis and another rider, Maurice Ville with him.

It was on that day that he ran into Londres in a cafe next to the station in the small Normandy village of Coutances.

Les Forçats de la Route

Albert Londres is one of the great French investigative reporters of the early 20th century. ( Getty Images: Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone )

Over a bowl of chocolate, the subsequent interview blew the lid off some of the more unsavoury aspects of the Tour that has cast a lengthy shadow over the entire sport ever since.

In that cafe, the two Pélissier brothers and Ville outlined what exactly the riders had to consume to get through those monstrous stages.

Spoiler alert, it wasn't bowls of chocolate.

"Do you want to see how we walk?" writes Londres, describing Henri Pélissier taking a vial out of his bag.

"This is the cocaine for the eyes, this is the chloroform for the gums," Henri Pélissier said.

Ville now emptied his bag on the table, revealing an ointment that "warms the knees".

All three riders then revealed the three boxes of pills they had with them.

It was Francis Pélissier that said the most explosive line.

"In short, we ride on dynamite," he said.

The story of that Tour de France was immortalised in Londres' reporting, a book which he titled: Les Forçats de la Route, the convicts of the road, in which he also revealed that the riders said that, instead of sleeping, they danced a jig in their rooms at night and suffered with "draining" diarrhoea. 

All three backtracked from the comments, suggesting they were overplaying things for a man in Londres who was not a cycling journalist per se — his typical beat was foreign affairs and the exposing of the horrors of colonialism. 

Henri Pélissier detailed the cocktail of drugs that got him through the Tour de France. ( Getty Images: Branger/Roger Viollet )

But even accounting for that, there were no repercussions from the startling admissions revealed in the book.

Why? Well, what the Pélissier's and Ville admitted to was far from against the rules.

In fact, French law only prohibited the use of stimulants in sport in 1965, over 40 years later.

In part, that was a reaction to the death of 24-year-old Danish rider Knud Enemark Jensen, who collapsed during a time trial at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome.

Despite the ban on stimulants, doping cases in the Tour have followed with alarming regularity.

Whether it was Tom Simpson's horrendous drug-addled death on the slopes of Mont Ventoux in 1967, right through to the seismic Festina affair of 1998 and then the subsequent seven lost Lance Armstrong years.

The most recent case that directly impacted the Tour featured Nairo Quintana and his Arkéa-Samsic squad .

Quintana was disqualified from his sixth place finish in 2022 after testing positive for Tramadol — a substance banned by the UCI but not on the WADA list.

And still it continues.

Just this week, Italian rider Andrea Piccolo was sacked by EF Education-EasyPost Pro Cycling after the 23-year-old was stopped by Italian authorities on suspicion of transporting human growth hormone into Italy.

Piccolo was not scheduled to race the Tour, but did compete in the Giro d'Italia earlier this year.

Drugs have been a part of the Tour de France for over a century, leaving every subsequent winner to face questions over the legitimacy of their triumphs, even if the optimist hopes that sports science and the extraordinary levels of scrutiny placed upon the leading riders today means what we've seen is fully legal.

The ABC of SPORT

How Is Doping Controlled and Regulated in the Tour de France?

As the world’s most prestigious cycling race approaches, anti-doping measures tighten.

Anti-doping at this year’s Tour will be run by the International Testing Agency (ITA), which is contracted by the UCI, cycling’s governing body. The ITA has been managing anti-doping at the Tour since 2021 and typically tests riders’ blood pre-competition and during the race. Tests are then analyzed at a World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) accredited lab.

According to Law In Sport , in 2021, all 184 participating riders were subject to a pre-competition blood test ahead of the start. During the race, 60 percent of the riders were tested, and 393 blood and 162 urine samples were collected. The GC leader and stage winners were tested after each stage.

This year, the ITA plans to collect roughly 600 blood and urine samples during the race, in addition to the roughly 400 out-of-competition tests in the month leading up to the Tour.

There were also measures to keep an eye on the rest of the peloton and get specific about testing. “These doping controls were targeted based on several factors such as prior risk assessment, performance or intelligence,” Law in Sport noted.

According to the UCI , the rider’s Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) and intel gathered by the ITA’s Intelligence & Investigations Department are taken into account. This year, there is one new test for the endocrine module that can indicate the use of Human Growth hormone (HGh) that will be used. Some samples may be kept for up to 10 years for further analysis.

The budget for anti-doping has only increased in recent years: According to the UCI, the UCI, UCI WorldTeams, UCI ProTeams, UCI WorldTour organizers, and men’s professional road cyclists approved a 35-percent budget increase for anti-doping that runs through the end of this year.

The budget increase largely has gone to investigations rather than more tests at races, according to Director General of the ITA Benjamin Cohen. “As the testing operations for this event are already at a vigorous level, the additional resources stemming from the decision of the cycling stakeholders to further protect the sport from doping will allow us to step up in other relevant areas of the clean sport program for the Tour de France and throughout the year,” he said in a press release . “Most notably, it allows us to invest more in intelligence and investigations, an area that has proven to be very effective and complementary to the testing regime.”

Last year, special attention was paid to race leader Jonas Vingegaard’s team, then Jumbo-Visma, and Tadej Pogačar’s team UAE. According to reports , within two days, Vingegaard was tested four times—a fact that his team manager applauded.

There are also mechanical doping and anti-doping controls now in place at races like the Tour. Since the mid-2010s, UCI officials have been checking bikes for motors across disciplines, and testing is done at the start of races regularly. If you’re watching the pre-race commentary during a stage, you may notice officials going around to bikes waving tablets over them. This isn’t some weird techno-benediction; the officials are looking for motors using mobile X-ray technology.

After each stage, checks will be carried out on the bikes of the stage winner, riders wearing a yellow, green, polka dot, white leader’s jersey, some random selections and “any rider who gives rise to suspicion, for example following the pre-stage control, or incidents picked up by the UCI Video Commissaire.”

Lest you think this is the stuff of science fiction, it has happened before: In 2016, at the Cyclocross World Championships, U23 racer Femke van den Driessche’s pit bike was found to have a small motor in it. The scene was dramatic: As UCI officials assessed her bike in the pit, she was seen ducking under the course tape and riding away. (She later used the ‘holding it for a friend’ defense that’s popular with athletes who are caught with banned substances.)

Molly writes about cycling, nutrition and training with an emphasis on bringing more women into sport. She's the author of nine books including the Shred Girls series and is the founder of Strong Girl Publishing . She co-hosts The Consummate Athlete Podcast and spends most of her free time biking and running on trails, occasionally joined by her mini-dachshund.

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Crazy Stat Shows Just How Common Doping Was In Cycling When Lance Armstrong Was Winning The Tour de France

Even after Lance Armstrong finally came clean and was banned from cycling for life, many still defend the (unofficial) 7-time Tour de France champion.

The biggest argument for Armstrong is the belief that all riders were doping.

We have known for a while now that a lot of cyclists were doping. A recent breakdown of the extent of the "EPO Era" (named for the most common drug, Erythropoietin) shows the "everybody was doing it" defense may not be that far off.

Teddy Cutler of SportingIntelligence.com recently took a an excellent and detailed look at all the top cyclists from 1998 through 2013 and whether or not they have ever been linked to blood doping or have links to doping or a doctor linked to blood doping.

During this 16-year period, 12 Tour de France races were won by cyclists who were confirmed dopers. In addition, of the 81 different riders who finished in the top-10 of the Tour de France during this period, 65% have been caught doping, admitted to blood doping, or have strong associations to doping and are suspected cheaters.

More importantly for Lance Armstrong, during the 7-year window when he won every Tour de France (1999-2005), 87% of the top-10 finishers (61 of 70) were confirmed dopers or suspected of doping.

Of those, 48 (69%) were confirmed, with 39 having been suspended at some point in their career.

None of that excuses Armstrong's behavior, especially outside of the races . But it is clear Armstrong wasn't alone. He was just better at it than anybody else.

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Tadej Pogacar answers doping question after dominant Tour de France win: ‘There will always be doubts’

Tadej Pogacar has admitted “there will always be doubts” about his credibility as a clean rider after dominating the 2024 Tour de France to win his third yellow jersey.

Pogacar blew away his rivals one last time on Sunday to win the stage 21 time-trial from Monaco to Nice by more than a minute. It was his sixth stage win of the Tour – the most collected by the champion since Bernard Hinault in 1979 – and capped a historic Giro-Tour double.

His dominance prompted some doubts on social media about the credibility of his performances, and that talk intensified last week after an investigation by Escape Collective revealed how elite teams are using controversial carbon monoxide rebreathing equipment in altitude training camps.

The equipment could be used for performance enhancement, although it is not banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency and three teams – Visma, UAE Emirates and Israel Premier Tech – insisted they use it only for measuring training performance. Both Pogacar and his main rival Jonas Vingegaard said it had only been used for diagnostic purposes.

It also didn’t help when Lance Armstrong, who was stripped of his seven Tour titles for cheating, warned that Pogacar should reel in his attacking style so as to avoid speculation. “I would advise him to lay low a bit more,” Armstrong said last week. “Sometimes you have to think about perception and image.”

Pogacar, who has never failed an anti-doping test, has been rigorously tested throughout this Tour, where the International Testing Agency has conducted what it called “one of the most comprehensive anti-doping programmes” ever implemented, collecting around 600 blood and urine samples through the race.

“There will always be doubts,” Pogacar said on Sunday after winning the time-trial. “Because of cycling before my time, in any sport, if someone is winning, there’s always jealousy and haters ... I tell you now, it’s not worth it. Taking anything to risk your health is stupid.”

No rider has completed the Giro-Tour double since the late Marco Pantani in 1998, and Pogacar became only the eighth rider to achieve the feat.

“I think this is the first Grand Tour where I was totally confident every day, even in the Giro I remember I had one bad day I won’t tell which one,” Pogacar said. “This year’s Tour de France was just amazing and I was enjoying it since day one until today.”

Pogacar has suffered at the hands of his Vingegaard in the past two editions, who collected back-to-back yellow jerseys in 2022 and 2023, but a serious crash in April hampered the Dane’s preparation and he could not live with Pogacar’s strength on the climbs.

Vingegaard revealed he would not ride the Vuelta a Espana after giving everything at the Tour so soon after his injuries.

“Under normal circumstances, I would be disappointed with my Tour de France,” Vingegaard said. “But, after everything I’ve gone through, I can’t be disappointed. I would have loved to go a bit further, but it is what it is. I would like to come back to the Tour de France and win it again ... I believe the yellow jersey is the most beautiful jersey in road cycling.”

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How drug testing works at the Tour de France

Around 600 blood and urine samples will be collected during the 2024 tour de france, article bookmarked.

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The 2024 Tour de France is subject to “one of the most comprehensive anti-doping programmes” ever implemented, according to the International Testing Agency (ITA) in charge.

Cycling’s governing body, the UCI , delegated responsibility for its anti-doping operation to the ITA four years ago.

Here is a closer look at how drug testing works at the Tour.

What does the ITA do?

According to the UCI: “the ITA is in charge of the overall anti-doping strategy, which includes the definition of an innovative and intelligence-led testing plan. This plan is applied on the basis of a risk assessment that takes into account a wide variety of relevant factors whilst constantly adapting to new circumstances or information if necessary.

“The testing plan also considers any relevant information received through the monitoring of the athletes’ Athlete Biological Passports (ABPs) – which include new features implemented by the ITA, such as the endocrine module that can indicate the use of Human Growth hormone (HGh) – or gathered by the ITA’s Intelligence & Investigations Department.”

How often are the riders tested?

All doping controls at the Tour de France are targeted and performed at any time throughout the three-week race, not only at the finish line. At every stage, the yellow jersey and stage winner is tested. This year, all samples will primarily be sent to the World Anti-Doping Agency (Wada)-accredited anti-doping laboratory in Lausanne, Switzerland.

While around 600 blood and urine samples will be collected during the race, the period prior to the Tour de France is also key to guarantee a level-playing field during the race. Therefore, the ITA will have conducted around 400 out-of-competition tests in the month leading up to the event.

Samples are kept for 10 years for potential re-analysis.

How big is the operation?

More than 40 sample collection personnel and ITA staff will be involved in the coordination and execution of the controls conducted on all participants in Florence, Italy, before the Grand Depart of the Tour de France. Doping controls throughout the race will mainly be conducted by the ITA’s own sample collection personnel, composed of 10 doping control and blood collection officers with in-depth cycling experience.

For the roll-out of the anti-doping programme, the ITA collaborates with the French National Anti-Doping Organisation (AFLD), which will offer the support of its doping control personnel. Chaperones, tasked with notifying riders that they have been selected for testing and accompanying them to the doping control station, will be provided with the support of the private specialised agency Sports Ethics.

The ITA is also in close contact with other relevant French and international actors, for example with authorities at different sectoral levels, for support and information-exchange.

How much does drug testing cost?

The ITA has a two-year budget of €10m. This funding principally reinforces the areas of Intelligence & Investigations, testing, scientific research, data analysis, long-term sample storage and sample re-analysis.

What does the ITA say?

The director general of the ITA, Benjamin Cohen, said before this Tour: “At the ITA, our commitment to protecting the integrity of sport is unwavering. For the 2024 Tour de France, we are implementing one of the most comprehensive anti-doping programmes to date.

“By taking advantage of advanced technologies, such as the endocrine module of the Athlete Biological Passport, and working closely with the French and Italian authorities, we aim to ensure a level playing field. Thanks to the increased resources provided by cycling stakeholders, we have strengthened our testing, intelligence and scientific capacities.

“Our rigorous, intelligence-led approach will not only preserve the spirit of fair play during the Tour de France, but will also deter riders from doping in the future, thanks notably to the storage and re-analysis of samples. This is a crucial step in our ongoing mission to foster a clean and fair competition environment for all riders.”

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Jonas Vingegaard reveals details of single missed anti-doping test

'I don't take anything, and I don't think that the rest of the peloton does either' says Dane, who missed test in 2019

Jonas Vingegaard has revealed that he has a missed anti-doping test on his record, saying that it's "definitely something I think about afterwards to make sure it doesn't happen again."

The double Tour de France winner spoke extensively about cycling's history, anti-doping, and testing in an interview with Danish newspaper Ekstra Bladet. He said that "it's a shame" that the sport is suffering from the numerous doping scandals of the past, while also acknowledging Jumbo-Visma teammate Michel Hessmann's ongoing case.

Speaking about his missed test, which he says occurred in 2019, Vingegaard spoke about the circumstances that led to it, while noting that he has been tested around 60-70 times during the 2023 season.

"I had left my mobile phone in the kitchen, and then our doorbell didn't work. They tried to call me, and it was clear that it was impossible to answer," he told Ekstra Bladet . "Of course, it's not cool. But then they came two days later.

Jonas Vingegaard won't be surprised if he's left out of Danish squad for Paris Olympics Jumbo-Visma rider Michel Hessmann's B-sample tests positive for diuretic German authorities investigate Hessmann after positive doping control Jumbo-Visma to 'look ourselves in the mirror' after Hessmann anti-doping case

"You get tested there, but of course, it's not great to have a missed test hanging over you. It's definitely something I think about afterwards to make sure it doesn't happen again.

"I don't think it's that difficult," he added, referring to complying with the Whereabouts system where riders have to provide daily timeslots to be available for testing. "You always have to remember it. It's a hassle, but when I'm just at home, it's not so difficult."

Vingegaard said that the increased amount of testing in modern cycling is "a good thing". However, he noted that riders claiming they always test negative "rings hollow", given that the same claims were made in the EPO-fuelled years of the 1990s and 2000s.

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"It's a good thing to be tested all the time. It helps in a way. All your tests are negative, but in a way, it rings hollow because 20 years ago they were tested too," he said.

"Somehow riders can still cheat, so I don't want to just say – as they did in the old days – that I am the rider who is tested the most. I don't test positive. They did something back then, and people will definitely believe that riders will do it again."

Vingegaard also spoke about Michel Hessmann , the German rider who is facing a ban of up to four years from the sport after testing positive for a diuretic in an out-of-competition test back in June.

"I don't know how it got into his body," he said . "But I think every cyclist's biggest fear is that you get it through some food or something you eat, and that way test positive without your intention has been cheating, but you still get it into your body."

Hessmann faces a long spell away from racing after his B-sample came back positive earlier this month. If he can prove that he tested positive due to a contaminated supplement or food, then a potential four-year ban could be reduced to two years.

His team has pledged to " look in the mirror ourselves – are we doing everything right?" in the wake of the case.

The 22-year-old's case is one of strikingly few positives that emerge at the top level of cycling nowadays. The UCI's provisional suspensions and sanctions lists are packed with lesser-known riders from the lower rungs of the sport in Asia, South America, and Portugal testing positive for EPO and steroids.

Cycling at WorldTour level, then, appears to be cleaner than ever with fewer doping busts and positive tests scandalising the very elite of the sport.

"I think it is a shame that we are suffering from what happened 20-30 years ago," Vingegaard said .

"I don't want to hide it, but because it has happened, I still think it's important to talk about the past. Because if you just sweep it under the carpet, then it's clear that people might still not care if everyone cheats.

"If you talk about it, there's a better chance that you won't cheat, I think. Maybe it's a way to prevent it from happening in the future.

"I don't take anything, and I don't think that the rest of the peloton does either. Since I can win the Tour de France twice without taking anything, I also believe that everyone else doesn't take anything either."

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Dani Ostanek is Senior News Writer at Cyclingnews, joining in 2017 as a freelance contributor and later being hired full-time. Before joining the team, they had written for numerous major publications in the cycling world, including CyclingWeekly and Rouleur.

Dani has reported from the world's top races, including the Tour de France, Road World Championships, and the spring Classics. They have interviewed many of the sport's biggest stars, including Mathieu van der Poel, Demi Vollering, and Remco Evenepoel. Their favourite races are the Giro d'Italia, Strade Bianche and Paris-Roubaix.

Season highlights from the 2024 season include reporting from Paris-Roubaix –   'Unless I'm in an ambulance, I'm finishing this race' – Cyrus Monk, the last man home at Paris-Roubaix  – and the Tour de France –  'Disbelief', gratitude, and family – Mark Cavendish celebrates a record-breaking Tour de France sprint win .

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UCI President: It's good people are asking doping questions at Tour de France

David Lappartient says more needs to be invested in anti-doping research

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The president of cycling's governing body has said that it is a good thing that doping questions are being asked about performances at Tour de France , as he said more should be invested in anti-doping research.

In an interview with French newspaper La Telegramme , David Lappartient , the president of the UCI, said that he is in charge of a "robust anti-doping program". There have been no doping positives at this year's race, but climbing speeds are faster than ever.

"Like Captain Haddock's sticking plaster, it always sticks to us a little: as soon as performances seem unattainable, suspicions of doping arise," he said. "In absolute terms, it's rather good that everyone is asking the question. In any case, we are mobilised: the stakeholders in cycling, mainly the UCI, invest around 10 million euros per year in the fight against doping. We have a very robust anti-doping program. 

"The only thing we don't control, and this is true for all sports, is the capacity of laboratories around the world to analyse samples. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) needs to invest even more in research."

Lappartient was asked why some performance-enhancing drugs had not been banned yet, either by the UCI or WADA. That includes the painkiller tapentadol, which the UCI was revealed to be monitoring last month . It has previously been ahead of WADA in banning tramadol .

"We don't have control over the list of banned products," Lappartient explained. "When tramadol was banned, it was for prevention purposes. We had demonstrated a danger: risk of falling asleep, loss of reaction faculties. The risks are the same for tapentadol. I am ready to ban it, I want to do it. If WADA doesn't do it, I want us to do it. But to ban it, we have to be able to detect it. Today, the ways to measure it are not quite ready."

Lappartient was also about ketones , which are used by many teams in the pro peloton, but the use of which is criticised by some, including the Movement for Credible Cycling.

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"The study we funded is progressing, but it is a scientific study, with researchers from international laboratories, publication processes, so it takes time," he said. "We should have the results next year."

Substances like ketones, and carbon monoxide breathing , are not banned, but Lappartient said that riders were dissuaded from using them.

"This is what we tell the riders and the teams," he said. "For example, carbon monoxide, I can understand that they need it as a measuring tool. But we must not misuse it and use it for other reasons."

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Adam is Cycling Weekly ’s news editor – his greatest love is road racing but as long as he is cycling on tarmac, he's happy. Before joining Cycling Weekly he spent two years writing for Procycling, where he interviewed riders and wrote about racing. He's usually out and about on the roads of Bristol and its surrounds. Before cycling took over his professional life, he covered ecclesiastical matters at the world’s largest Anglican newspaper and politics at Business Insider. Don't ask how that is related to cycling.

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• Fantasy Vuelta

UCI explains how doping will be tackled at the 2024 Tour de France

The 2024 Tour de France is just around the corner. The biggest cycling event on the planet has been in the center of many riders' year-long preparation. And cycling authorities will be also more than ready. That is - for riders who'd try to use any illegal techniques to make up for insufficient level heading into Grande Boucle. In a press release , UCI explains how the testing will be approached in (and during the run-in to) the grand tour.

All doping controls at the Tour de France will be targeted and performed at any time throughout the three-week race, not only at the finish line. At every stage, the yellow jersey and stage winner will be tested. This year, all samples will primarily be sent to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-accredited anti-doping laboratory in Lausanne, Switzerland.

"I just hope that instead of judgment people can show compassion" - Bradley Wiggins ex-wife pleads for care with former Tour de France winner homeless after bankruptcy

While around 600 blood and urine samples will be collected during the race, the period prior to the Tour de France is also key to guarantee a level-playing field during the race. Therefore, the ITA will have conducted around 400 out-of-competition tests in the month leading up to the event.

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At the end of the race, the ITA will make a selection of samples that will be kept for potential re-analysis over the next 10 years, and will keep monitoring athletes closely after the Tour de France based on all relevant data it will have collected before and during the race.

"Just being able to breathe normally hurts for months" - Chris Froome 'can't imagine how' Jonas Vingegaard has made the 2024 Tour de France after punctured lung

When it comes to the fight against technological fraud at the Tour de France, controls for the presence of any possible propulsion systems hidden in bikes will be carried out with the use of several non-intrusive tools available to the UCI such as magnetic tablets. In 2024, a new non-intrusive inspection tool will be added to the UCI's arsenal as part of the improvement of its detection programme using the latest technology. Further information on this subject will be communicated in due course after the 2024 Tour de France.

Before each of the 21 stages, a UCI Technical Commissaire will be at the team buses to check all bikes being ridden at the start of that day’s stage. These pre-stage checks will be carried out using magnetic tablets.

After each stage, checks will be carried out on bikes ridden by: the stage winner, riders wearing a leader’s jersey (yellow, green, polka dot, white), several randomly-selected riders, and any rider who gives rise to suspicion, for example following the pre-stage control, or incidents picked up by the UCI Video Commissaire.

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