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• The Department
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The Tourism Department shall be a catalyst for sustained tourism growth and development in Seychelles.

• A strategy focused Tourism Department, committed to creating a conducive environment for the development and maintenance of an authentic, dynamic and sustainable tourism industry;
• That reflects the importance of tourism to the Seychelles economy and the social wellbeing of its population; and
• That delivers a value-for-money and unique visitor experience, through innovation, strategic partnerships and coordination, providing information and communication and capacity development.

Values shall show ethical behaviour in line with the principles of good governance.

We shall demonstrate professional excellence in the design and delivery of tourism policies, and ensure programmes and services are beneficial to every aspect of the tourism industry. Engagement, collaboration, effective teamwork and professional development are all essential to a high-performing organization.

We shall always serve the public interest; we shall act with integrity by being accountable, showing respect and serving with honesty, respect and trustworthiness.

Impartiality

We remain loyal to the government of the day and we are committed to government’s policies and programmes with dedication and commitment; we shall not display partiality and serve all customers with respect and fairness and make choices solely on merit.

We shall leverage resources and partnerships to optimise delivery to our stakeholders and be responsive to change.

Customer Focus

We shall respond to customers promptly and courteously and provide services and solutions in a manner that is efficient and which are effective and responsive; and strive to continuously improve the quality of our service delivery.

Recognition

We want to be an organisation that values its own people by ensuring fairness of the systems and processes, supportive, recognising and rewarding performance.

The Tourism Department is mandated to encourage the development of the tourism industry in Seychelles.

Useful Links

• Air Seychelles
• Department of Foreign Affairs
• National Bureau of Statistics
• Seychelles Ports Authority

Tourism Seychelles © 2023. All Rights Reserved

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A Local's Guide to Seychelles

This island nation is a destination of a lifetime with its laid-back vibe and gorgeous beaches that draw thousands to its cerulean shores each year.

I came to Seychelles 40 years ago on vacation, and when I returned two years later, it was for good. This allure says rather a lot about the enchantment of these islands, which are scattered across the vast Indian Ocean.

I was attracted to the Seychelles islands because of its surreal, natural beauty, the laid-back, island living, the family-oriented social scene, and above all, the warm welcome I received. It’s amazing that after all this time these ingredients can still be found, and form the basis of one of the most extraordinary vacations on Earth.

The Seychellois are a fusion of peoples who once arrived here from Europe, India, and Asia. After many decades of intermarriage, the younger generations tend to exhibit a blend of these physical traits as well as the distinct Creole accent.

The Seychelles are a great destination during any season, blessed with a warm, tropical climate all year long and located outside the cyclone belt. A quality that has earned them the nickname, “the land of perpetual summer.”

Morne Seychellois National Park on the main island of Mahé

If you like cooler weather, the period from late May to September during the southeasterly trade winds makes it the ideal season for sailing around the archipelago. These months of brisker winds are also the best time to indulge in a spot of trekking along the many trails that will introduce you to the natural beauty and diversity of its native flora and fauna. On the other hand, if you’re interested in swimming, snorkeling, and diving, the water temperature tends to be colder and the visibility poorer.

April to early May and October to November are prime times for water sports like diving, snorkeling, and swimming. The calm, flat seas make for beautiful views and warm and welcoming temperatures.

There are several ways to digest the beauty of the Seychelles Islands, which have remained relatively untouched through the ages. Traveling by boat arguably gives you the finest perspective of the islands and their spectacular coastlines, hidden coves, and secret beaches. Guided hikes through the mountains are a close second. For example, on the trail to Copolia you will enjoy a bird’s-eye view of the islands—from towering, granite peaks to sweeping ocean vistas.

The Seychelles islands are regularly ranked among the most beautiful beaches on the planet, and each has its own signature strip of sand and surf. On the main island of Mahé—the heart of the island’s tourist belt— Beau Vallon Bay is one of the most popular beaches. Equally stunning, but offering a greater degree of tranquility, are the Intendance and Takamaka beaches in the south, solitary Grand Anse in the west, and gorgeous Anse Royale in the east. On Praslin, the standout beach is Anse Lazio. On the island of La Digue—one of the world’s most photographed—Anse Source Dárgent is perhaps the most magnificent. For a truly sublime experience of sun, sea, and sand, my personal choice is Bird Island, which lies some 68 miles north of Mahé.

The famous Anse Source d'Argent beach on the island of La Digue

This island paradise is not just about laying on the beach, however. Visitors can indulge in other activities, such as world-class diving, snorkeling, fishing, hiking, island-hopping, golf, spa retreats, zip lining, and horseback riding. Local destination management companies, such as Mason's Travel , also guide excursions that showcase the very best cultural, land, and marine experiences.

No stay in Seychelles is complete without tasting the delicious Seychellois Creole cuisine—a blend of old French cuisine and piquant Indian and Chinese flavors. While this fusion is best enjoyed in local homes, many restaurants can also introduce you to its amazing flavors and textures. Some of my favorite restaurants on Mahé are the fine dining La Scala and La Perle Noire . For the more budget-conscious, Auberge Dánse Boileau and Anchor Café are great options. On Praslin, my choice eatery is Losean , and on La Digue, Fish Trap Restaurant & Bar .

If you’re looking to relax and unwind to the sounds of live music, try the Boardwalk Bar & Grill , a magnet for weekend revelers. Hardcore partygoers should check out local clubs Katiolo and Tequila Boom . For a one-day getaway of pure relaxation, it’s hard to beat Cerf Island Resort in the marine park. If you’re doing a tour of Mahé, check out the wonderful rustic scene at Baie Lazare’s Sound Garden, where great food and a unique ambiance awaits.

Seychelles is the ideal place to recalibrate mind, body, and soul. The short but steep climb to Morne Blanc overlooking the west coast of Mahé is the ideal place to refresh. Perched on the verdant heights overlooking the ocean, you can’t help but feel like the king of all creation.

Market Street in Victoria, the capital city of the Seychelles

For cultural mavens, the islands also host many events throughout the year. For a real taste of this Creole world, October’s Festival Kreol should not be missed. It encapsulates all aspects of Creole culture from across the world in a colorful weeklong celebration.

More information about the Seychelles can be found on Facebook and their official tourism website . Another great way to learn about the islands is by downloading the free app, Seychelles Travel Guide, from Google Play or the Apple App Store . It can even be used offline to discover a comprehensive range of tourism products and services. Visitors can also tap into the latest happenings via Seychelles This Week –a free online guide to local events, entertainment, and special offers.

Experience Glynn's Favorites in Seychelles:

When someone comes to visit me , the first place I take them is Sans Souci because the views of the island are absolutely amazing. Afterwards, we descend the winding road to Del Place Restaurant on the west coast.

You can see my main town, Victoria, best from the romantic overlooks on the La Misère road.

Locals know to skip the denser tourist zones in the north of Mahé, the main island, and check out the rustic south and west areas of the island.

The area around Victoria market is one of the best places to buy authentic, local souvenirs .

In the past, notable people like Noel Coward and Ian Fleming have called my island home.

My town's best museum is the Natural History Museum because of its collection of artifacts dating back to the earliest days of settlement.

If there’s one thing you should know about getting around my town , it’s that Victoria is walkable in half a day. You can explore its many hidden nooks and crannies, restaurants, and beautiful churches.

The best place to spend time outdoors in my town is the botanical gardens on the outskirts of Victoria.

You can tell if someone is from my island because of their sun-kissed glow and the way they speak English with a singsong accent typical of Creole people.

• Nat Geo Expeditions

For a fancy night out , head to the Boardwalk Restaurant on Eden Island, which also doubles as one of the island’s top night spots. La Scala Restaurant in Bel Ombre offers a great fine dining experience.

Just outside Victoria , you can take a trip into the St. Anne Marine Park , which is comprised of many islands with great swimming and snorkeling opportunities.

News Café near the cathedral is my favorite place to grab breakfast . Although Victoria is seriously lacking in late-night restaurants, Boardwalk Café on Eden is the spot for nighttime eats.

To find out what’s going on at night and on the weekends, check out the informative Seychelles This Week Facebook page.

When I’m feeling cash-strapped , I splurge on simple pleasures like a good, reasonably priced Creole meal from the FISH-OH takeaway in Espace Building.

Bazaar Labrin at Beau Vallon is the best place to see live music on Wednesday evenings, but if you’re in the mood to dance , check out clubs like Tequila Boom and Katiolo.

If you have kids (or are a kid at heart), you won’t want to miss excellent horseback riding at Turquoise Horse Trails and zip lining at Ephelia Hotel .

The best book about my city is probably The Fortunate Islands by Bernard Georges because of its charming, anecdotal style and colorful introduction to island living.

Glynn Burridge grew up in Iran, where he worked as an interpreter and translator prior to the fall of the Shah. He moved to Seychelles in 1978. In 2000, he became principal copywriter for Seychelles Tourism, and is also senior tourism consultant to the Seychelles Tourism Board .

Related Topics

• BEACH ACTIVITIES
• SCUBA DIVING

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Island Hopping in the Seychelles

Come for the pristine turquoise beaches. stay for the granite boulders, bold curries, wild hiking, and warm-hearted people..

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Anse Source d’Argent, on the island La Digue in the Seychelles, is said to be the one of the word’s most photographed beaches.

Photo by Sarika Bansal

I had my eye on the Seychelles for some time—the archipelago of 115 sun-soaked islands in the Indian Ocean, 1,200 miles off the coast of East Africa. From my native New York, it’s a journey to get there, but from my adopted home in Nairobi, it’s only a three-hour direct flight. And during the pandemic, it ended up being exactly what we needed from a family vacation.

My husband, 1.5-year-old daughter, and I spent almost two weeks exploring the Seychelles’ three main islands. We explored the beaches with their signature granite boulders and clear warm water. We snorkeled alongside neon tropical fish, a stingray, and a needlefish. We hiked through dense jungles, feeling sweaty and serene. The flavorful curries had me eager to buy fresh spices so I could recreate them at home. We met some of the most generous and relaxed people on the planet.

And I will always think of Seychelles as the place that unlocked my daughter’s voice: She sat on the shoreline and started confidently telling stories in toddler babble.

The islands’ physical beauty is undeniable; even if you don’t identify as a beach bum, the Seychelles will turn you into one, by showcasing how diverse this biome can be. Beyond the natural attractions, the country exuded a sense of casual peacefulness, which felt like a salve during this time. I could see why most of our fellow tourists—usually from Europe—were visiting the Seychelles for the 3rd, 7th, or even 12th time.

The country was closed to international visitors for nearly a year, until March 2021; in the meantime, many people lost their jobs and relied on COVID relief from the government. But now, with about 80 percent of the country fully vaccinated and no required quarantine period for visitors, tourism seems to be getting back on its feet. David Germain, regional director of the Seychelles Tourism Board, says the country saw 185,000 visitors in 2021, including 6,000 who visited directly from the United States. (For comparison, the Seychelles had 384,000 visitors in 2019.)

We flew from Nairobi to the biggest island, Mahé, home to the international airport. (Qatar, Emirates, and Etihad all fly from New York to Mahé, usually via Dubai or another Middle Eastern stopover.) The archipelago has three main islands: Mahé, Praslin, and La Digue; many of the others are uninhabited, home to a single resort, or serve as bases for fishing expeditions.

Our trip lasted 12 glorious days, during which we stayed in three guesthouses. We started our trip on the north side of Mahé, in the town of Beau Vallon. After a few days, we took the ferry to La Digue—via a pit stop in Praslin—and spent five days on this three-mile strip of boulder-studded beaches, shallows, and lush hills. We concluded our trip on the south side of Mahé. It was the perfect amount of time to get a taste of the country, while leaving me a wish list of places to explore on my next visit.

Left: A rare and highly protected coco de mer nut, which has given rise to several legends. Weighing in at over 40 pounds, it is the de facto symbol of the Seychelles. Right: Sunset on Beau Vallon Beach, Mahé’s most popular beach

Photos by Sarika Bansal

Where to stay in the Seychelles

Given how vital tourism is for the economy, Seychelles is full of hotels, all-inclusive resorts, and self-catering holiday homes. We opted for the self-catering option throughout our stay: our favorite, Domaine Les Rochers in La Digue, was a family-run garden oasis minutes from the town center. The bungalow we rented felt cozy in the best sense: The bedding was comfortable and stylish, the wraparound porch was perfect for reading when it rained, and the well-appointed kitchen included some ingredients like oil, spices, and fresh fruit. My daughter spent the early mornings chasing the resident cats and chickens. We felt right at home.

For a more upscale stay in La Digue, Domaine l’Orangeraie has dozens of rooms at various price points, an infinity pool, two restaurants, and a full-service spa on a hilltop. In Mahé and Praslin, the Constance Hotels (Ephelia and Lemuria, respectively) offer similar amenities, and on the north side of Mahé, in Beau Vallon, the Savoy and Story resorts are popular hotel options.

Left: The Arulmigu Navasakti Vinayagar Temple is located in the heart of Victoria, the country’s capital. Hinduism is the largest non-Christian religion in the Seychelles. Right: A jungle bar selling coconut water near Anse Major

Things to do in Mahé

Mahé is home to about 90 percent of the Seychelles’ approximately 100,000 residents. It’s the largest island in the archipelago—4 miles wide and 16 miles long—and the most developed. Over the coming days, I’d come to appreciate the shift from Nairobi’s urban craze to Mahé’s island speed, the lilting Creole Seychellois accent, and of course, the tropical weather (most days were in the 80s and sunny, though there were a few rainstorms). We spent our days exploring beaches, hiking, and learning about Seychelles’ culture and history. We ate well. We drank rum. And we made friends along the way.

Best beaches on Mahé

Seychelles beaches have the seemingly requisite pristine white sand and turquoise water, but even more striking are the large granite boulders and secret cove-like settings. All of the country’s beaches are public, even ones accessed through hotels, which made our wish list all the more extensive.

Barrier reefs protect many of Seychelles’ shorelines, which means calm water by the shore—perfect for our beach baby—and ample snorkeling. Our last few days in Mahé were dedicated to beach-hopping, armed with our trusty paper map, the thorough website Snorkel Report , and a book, Seychelles 20 Most Beautiful Beaches .

Mahé’s larger beaches offer a unique charm. Fun beach bars and restaurants flank Beau Vallon Beach , likely Mahé’s most famous beach; from here, I witnessed one of the most colorful sunsets of my life, with views of the majestic Silhouette Island . On the other side of the island, the wide expanse of Anse Intendance features large crashing cerulean waves and a mountain backdrop. Great for surfers, less ideal for toddlers.

We enjoyed Port Launay , a half-moon beach close to the five-star resort Constance Ephelia and located within a Marine National Park. Though most of the coral is sadly bleached, the bay is still home to colorful tropical fish and sea turtles. The beach offers silky sand and plenty of shade from indigenous takamaka trees. Anse Soleil is a small, picturesque cove beach on the other side of the island near the Four Seasons Resort (that was harboring a multimillion-dollar yacht when we visited). Anse Gouvernment , Sunset Beach , and Anse Forbans were other favorites—but above all, Anse Major was the star.

Where to hike on Mahé

On our first full day in Mahé, we did a short, moderately difficult hike to Anse Major . The path alternated between climbing exposed rockface, with views of the azure ocean below, and trekking through a jungle. The trail spat us out onto a tiny beach rimmed by palm trees and boulders. The water was warm, someone had hung up a rope from a palm tree to swing on, and a tiny jungle bar sold fresh coconut water. I felt like I was in a movie. We later learned that the trail continued to two other beaches, that people sometimes grill seafood on the third beach, and that you could also arrive at the beach by boat taxi. But we were so enamored by the secret cove beach that we didn’t venture further. (Tip: Drive on the paved road past the official trailhead to where the trail actually begins, close to the hotel Calm Sorento. That will save you about 20 minutes of walking on pavement each way.)

The winding, mountainous San Souci Road is dotted with trailhead markers. We opted to trek Morne Blanc , a steep out-and-back trail to a great viewpoint, from where we could see half the island, neon blue water, and white paradise flycatchers soaring in the sky. Copolia Trail is another popular, and less intense, trail in this area. The website AllTrails is an exhaustive resource for walking enthusiasts. (Note: I wore normal sneakers and didn’t see a need for hiking shoes. We carried our daughter in a baby carrier for most of these hikes. Bring ample water.)

The lunch spread at Le Jardin du Roi

Where to eat on Mahé

Many people visit the Seychelles, stay in a resort, and leave having only had European-style food. In doing so, travelers will miss the complex, rich flavors of Creole cooking, the casual fun of “takeaway” barbecue joints, and the coconut-forward desserts.

My most memorable meal was at Le Jardin du Roi spice garden, on a hilltop in the center of the island. The set lunch menu—much of which was sourced from the garden—included a few appetizers, such as star fruit marinated in olive oil and breadfruit braised in coconut milk. The main course featured fresh fish, flavorful curries, and tenderly cooked lentils. (You can buy packets of its curry powder before leaving.) Entry to the garden comes with a map, which can serve as a guide around the verdant, untamed property. I saw my first coco de mer tree, a highly protected tree that grows a nut that can weigh over 40 pounds and is shaped like a woman’s bottom, as well as my first aldabra giant tortoise.

We had another indulgent meal at Del Place , close to Port Launay Marine Park . It features local artwork on the walls and a seafront view (complete with an island to admire!). We loved the melt-in-your-mouth red snapper, fried eggplant, and sweet potato mash. We further treated ourselves to the “dessert degustation,” a tasting menu of six cakes, tarts, and mousses.

Other restaurants I would recommend on Mahé include Le Perle Noir and La Scala , both upscale Italian restaurants in Beau Vallon; Marie Antoinette , a family-run Creole restaurant; Baobab Pizzeria , a casual pizza eatery with a fabulous view of Beau Vallon Beach; and Kafe Kreol , which offers a mix of cuisines and creative cocktails.

Finally, we had a lovely time at the Takamaka Rum Distillery , a family-run distillery making rum for about 20 years. We toured the medicinal gardens, learned about how rum was produced, and tasted six products—including white, brown, and spiced rums. It was 11 a.m., but the tour guides clearly knew how to start a party anytime. As we sipped the spirits, they gave us recipes for pina coladas, rum raisin ice cream, and mojitos.

Culture and history of Mahé

My travel style is to see fewer places for a longer time, and use that time to get a sense of what it would be like to live there. For example, I checked out Sir Selwyn Clarke Market , a covered food market in the heart of the country’s capital, Victoria. Built in 1840, the market showcases vendors selling produce, specialty foods like giant cinnamon sticks and vanilla essence, and Seychelles souvenirs.

I did feel a bit of culture shock in the market as I watched vendors wrap all the produce in plastic bags (Kenya banned plastic bags in 2020). There was far more single-use plastic throughout the country than I anticipated, particularly bags and water bottles, especially considering that the Seychelles are in the middle of the ocean and boast some of the cleanest beaches in the world. According to Germain from the tourism board, the importation of single-use plastics has been banned as of February 2021, and vendors are using up their supplies. There will be a gradual shift to paper bags and glass bottles over the coming years.

Part of the reason the country has such a small population is that humans didn’t settle on the islands until the late 18th century, when French traders realized that the archipelago occupied a strategic location between Mauritius and India. Though the French formally ceded control of the islands to Britain in 1814, the French influence has remained strong until today, in the Creole language and the cuisine. In 1835, slavery was abolished throughout the British empire, and liberated people were able to get jobs on plantations in exchange for food and wages.

The Seychelles didn’t shy away from discussing its complicated past—in fact, places like Mission Lodge have a statue honoring the children of formerly enslaved people who attended school there. Germain says the country will soon be restarting a program called “A day in the life of a Seychellois,” in which you visit the market and cook a meal together with a local—a chance to better understand Creole identity and history.

The view from the highest point of La Digue, at the summit of Nid d’Aigle, including the neighboring island of Praslin

Things to do in La Digue

What La Digue lacks in size—the island is three miles long and two miles wide—it more than compensates for with relaxed vibes, jungle hikes, and the most breathtaking beaches I’ve ever seen. It’s home to only 3,000 full-time residents and a handful of motorized vehicles, making it somehow feel larger.

We spent almost a week on this spit of land, and I would seriously consider renting a house and staying for a month or two. (Luckily, the island has a small hospital, and the more developed island of Praslin is only 15 minutes away by ferry, in case anything were to go wrong.) I have happy memories of cooking fresh eggs for breakfast, setting out on our bicycles with a loose plan, our daughter giggling when we went fast, and discovering something beautiful every day.

Beaches and hiking on La Digue

La Digue has what is believed to be the most photographed beach in the world, Anse Source d’Argent , accessed most easily through L’Union Estate . It was the busiest beach we visited on our whole trip, but we were able to find a quiet spot for reading and napping. The atmosphere is surreal, with massive boulders that look golden at sunset. The water was so clear that you could see giant fish swimming by your ankles. We spent several hours here, and I can’t wait to return and admire this beach again.

We also enjoyed Anse Severe , particularly around sunset—though beware of sea urchins! I wish I had brought water shoes with me. Anse Patates has some of the bluest water I have ever seen, and lots of hidden spots between rocks to lay out a beach towel and read a book. One day, we rode our bicycles to Grand Anse , where the waves were even bigger than the boulders. There are trails from there to sister beaches, but a huge rainstorm had us cycling back to our guesthouse.

We trekked to the highest point on La Digue, Nid d’Aigle , which I would rate as moderate to difficult, as it was steep and slippery in parts. The views made up for the unsure footing: between the viewpoints, we had a 360-degree view of the area, including Praslin and the tiny islets surrounding La Digue. Next time, I’d plan to hike to the beaches Anse Marron and Anse Cocos , though due to the unmarked trails, they are best visited with a guide.

Where to eat on La Digue

My two favorite spots to eat on La Digue were among the more casual: Rey & Josh Cafe Takeaway and Chez Jules . Thinking about Rey & Josh makes me smile: the owners were warm, the chef was clearly passionate about good food, and though the atmosphere was simple, it made people feel comfortable. If you’re lucky, you may even learn about “secret menu” items based on what ingredients the chef was able to find. We enjoyed it so much that we returned for a second meal.

Chez Jules is a classic Creole restaurant, an open-air straw hut located opposite Anse Banane on the northeast part of the island. It had an extensive menu, bold flavors, chile sauce that turned my ears hot, and friendly service.

Other favorites include Mimi’s Café , famous for its coconut cheesecake (though I preferred the coconut ice cream); Belle Vue , which offers a set menu paired with a sunset view halfway up the mountain; and Le Repaire for a more upscale Italian experience.

Anse Lazio on the island of Praslin, captured in the rain

Things to do in Praslin

We didn’t stay overnight in Praslin, but took advantage of the few hours we spent here. We visited the Vallée de Mai , named a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983. The nature park is home to over 1,400 endangered coco de mer trees, called as such because sailors first thought they grew in undersea forests, as well as the rare black parrot. At Pirogue Restaurant and Bar , we enjoyed grilled fish and Creole-style pasta.

Next time, I hope to spend some time at Praslin’s famous beaches, including Anse Lazio , which has been called the most beautiful beach in the world, and Anse Georgette .

How to travel within the Seychelles

There are two main ways to travel between islands: ferry and airplane. The Cat Cocos Ferry links Mahé, Praslin, and La Digue. It takes about an hour to travel from Mahé to Praslin, and another 15 minutes to La Digue. Alternatively, Air Seychelles offers flights between the islands, as well as to smaller islands across the archipelago (the flight from Mahé to Praslin takes 20 minutes).

To get a real sense of Mahé and Praslin, I’d recommend renting a car and packing a folding paper map (I know, so retro); Google Maps will work just fine, though. We put stars next to all the beaches and hiking trails we wanted to check out, along with notes from people we met along the way. We cherished the freedom of driving around Mahé’s windy roads and spontaneously stopping at farmers’ markets, beachside cafés, and art galleries. However, if you don’t feel comfortable driving, taxis and public buses are available.

Commuting around La Digue is more fun: The tiny island has few cars, and the best way to get around is by bicycle, which you can rent from a few shops near the ferry. Our daughter loved sitting in the baby seat and zooming down the island’s handful of roads. Alternatively, you can walk or hire a motorized buggy.

For my next visit . . .

I’m already planning my second visit to this unique archipelago. I would spend more time on La Digue. Between the relaxed lifestyle and the wild beaches, the tiny island has a special place in my heart.

I would plan for a few days in Praslin, which feels somewhere in between Mahé and La Digue in terms of development. I’d explore the Vallée de Mai more thoroughly, snorkel at Anse Lazio, and discover hiking trails. Meanwhile, my husband would certainly go scuba diving, either on Praslin or Mahé.

I didn’t get to check out one of the country’s resort islands, such as Denis Island , which—according to every person I met who has been—is otherworldly. I’d also spend some time on Seychelles’ less inhabited tracts, such as Silhouette Island and the islets surrounding La Digue.

And I would return to spend time with the warm-hearted people I met. Perhaps I would assist in a beachside barbecue, learn a few steps of the traditional moutya dance (now recognized by UNESCO as “intangible heritage”), and make daiquiris for everyone—with local Takamaka rum, of course.

Things to know about Seychelles COVID restrictions

Our trip did have a rocky start. International travel is complicated these days, and Seychelles is no exception. Long story short: We didn’t have the required PCR test for our daughter and ended up having to turn around and rebook a flight for two days later. (If you’ve ever been to the airport with a baby, you can appreciate how stressful this was.)

Learn from our experience and have a smoother trip by following these steps:

• Check the Seychelles’ official website for up-to-date travel information.
• Vaccination is not required to enter the Seychelles, but all travelers– including infants –must produce a negative PCR test 72 hours prior to departure.
• As soon as you have your negative test results, complete the Travel Authorization Form . (There is a rush charge for filling it out last minute, as we learned the hard way.)
• Make sure to take plenty of face masks with you–if you’re in public and not wearing one, you could be fined.
• Once you arrive in the Seychelles, you can prebook a PCR test at pcrtest.sc . The process was extraordinarily efficient: Two men in hazmat suits showed up at our guesthouse, where we were lounging in bathing suits. We received our negative results and necessary QR codes by email a few hours later. It felt peak 2022.

>>Next: The Best Underwater Cameras, According to Divers

The Top 15 Things to Do in the Seychelles

The beautiful islands of Seychelles are made up of 115 atolls, surrounded by pristine, crystal clear blue water. The Seychelles offers stunning beaches, lush tropical vegetation, and plenty of marine activities and water sports to enjoy. In addition, there are a host of things to do in the Seychelles, from visiting the huge tortoises at nature reserves to exploring the national parks on various islands. Read on for the best things to do in the East African islands of Seychelles.

Trek Through the Seychelles National Botanical Gardens

Getty Images/ Rytis Bernotas

Located on Botanical Garden Road in Victoria is the Seychelles National Botanical Gardens , home to vibrant flora and fauna which date back more than a century. In addition to an array of floral arrangements, palms, fruit trees, and spices, visitors can enjoy seeing Seychellois animals such as the giant tortoises and fruit bats surrounding the gardens. It is open daily from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. and costs around $8 for entry.

Relax on La Digue Island

Getty Images/ Sergio Canobbio

As the smallest inhabited island in the Seychelles, La Digue offers a big draw for locals and tourists alike due to its stunning beaches, such as the prolific Anse Source d’Argent. The famed beach is situated on the island’s west coast. It offers pristine clear blue waters, which are popular for snorkeling, beautiful massive granite boulders, and the perfect backdrop for Instagram-worthy photos. Anse Cocos Beach is also located on La Digue on the east coast, and Anse Bonnet Carré Beach is down south, known for its isolation and tranquil, shallow waters for wading and snorkeling.

Explore Vallee de Mai Nature Reserve

Getty Images/ David C Tomlinson

Located on Praslin Island is the UNESCO World Heritage site Vallee de Mai Nature Reserve. It is home to the famed coco de mer palm and is a must-visit site while vacationing in the Seychelles. It is the perfect place for nature lovers to enjoy a host of hiking trails, guided walks to learn about the flora and fauna throughout the reserve, as well as a paradise for bird watchers to spot rare birds like the black parrot and the Seychelles bulbul. Opening hours are from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m.

Visit Veuve Nature Reserve

Photo courtesy of Bernard Bijoux / @seyparksauthority

Another hotspot for nature lovers to visit in the Seychelles islands is Veuve Nature Reserve , situated on La Digue island. One of the most famous things to see at the reserve is the paradise flycatchers, a bird indigenous to Africa and Asia. The reserve staff can also take you on a guided tour to learn about the enchanting array of birds there and the lush green flora and fauna surrounding the area. Make sure to book your tour in advance if possible, as resources are limited, but the gorgeous birds and scenery are well worth the planned escape.

Shop at Victoria Market

Getty Images/EyesWideOpen

If you are looking for local trinkets and hand goods to take home after visiting the Seychelles, then shopping in Victoria Bazaar on the main island is a must. The historic market, which dates back to the 19th century, features a wide range of local vendors selling items from t-shirts to jewelry to take home to your family and friends or yourself. You can also enjoy local delicacies for lunch or dinner after spending an afternoon shopping there, such as fresh-caught fish and fruit.

Experience Praslin Island

Known for its tranquil beaches is Praslin island, the second largest in the archipelago, situated to the Northeast of Mahe. The most popular beaches are Anse Lazio and Anse Georgette, both offering mesmerizing views and tranquil waters. The island also boasts an 18-hole championship golf course, Lemuria , where lessons are available with resident golf pros.

Hike the Copolia Trail

Situated in the north of Mahe is the Copolia Trail, a hiking trail that is part of the Seychelles National Parks Authority , which spans through a lush jungle area offering immaculate 360-degree views of Victoria and nearby islands. It takes around 45 minutes to complete the walking trail, full of exquisite flora and fauna to see while zipping through the walking paths. Make sure to wear suitable hiking shoes, bring a backpack for snacks, and a bottle of water to sit and relax while taking in the gorgeous panoramic views.

Discover the Morne Seychellois National Park

Within the confines of Mahe island is the Morne Seychellois National Park , a massive park that covers over 3,000 hectares, which is over 20 percent of the island’s total landmass. It features a mix of mangroves, towering mountains, and lush green tropical jungles. Visitors can enjoy hiking around the park's mix of trails as well as birdwatching to see one of the 12 endemic land birds, such as Seychelles Scops-owl.

See La Misere Exotics Garden Centre

Courtesy of Seychelles News Agency

Located around 15 minutes from Mahe is La Misere Exotics Garden Centre , which is home to over 50,000 flowers and an assortment of almost 300 botanical arrangements. It spans three acres of land, with spiraling trails and walking paths for visitors to hike. After taking in the gorgeous garden, tourists can enjoy a cup of coffee or a snack at the small onsite café. The park is open from Monday to Saturday between the hours of 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

Observe Aride Island Nature Reserve

Getty Images / Massimiliano Finzi

For globetrotters looking to learn and see more of the historical side of the Seychelles, then a visit to the Aride Island Nature Reserve in the north is highly recommended. The protected island is only home to few human inhabitants, including the reserve’s staff, island manager, conservation officers, and rangers. The protected island is home to one of the most significant seabird populations of over 1 million within the Indian Ocean of 10 different species. It is also the only natural home of the fragrant Wright's Gardenia flower of the Seychelles.

Discover the Seychelles Natural History Museum

Courtesy of Seychelles National History Museum 

Situated in Victoria on Mahe Island is the Seychelles National History Museum , home to an array of exhibitions and displays that showcase the Seychelles' geology. It offers visitors a glimpse into the stunning flora, fauna, and conservation efforts currently being taken on the islands to protect the area's natural history. The museum also has worthy resources and a documentation center for those interested in researching additional geographic information about the islands. The entry fee is only 15 Seychelles rupee or around $1 for tourists and is free for elderly visitors.

Go Scuba Diving in the Crystal Blue Waters

For the thrill-seeking visitors to the Seychelles, an island adventure there is incomplete without a bit of scuba diving and snorkeling in the crystal blue waters. The sea is full of sumptuous coral reefs, ravines, and colorful sea creatures for scuba divers to view down under. Some of the most famous spots for scuba diving in the Seychelles include Baine Ternay Marine Park near Beau Vallon, Brissare Rocks to the north of Mahe, and the UNESCO World Heritage Site Aldabra , where you need approval from the Seychelles Island Foundation to dive there.

Island Hop Curieuse, Cousin Island, and St. Pierre

Getty Images / Africanway

The Seychelles is full of stunning islands to enjoy, so why not spend a day island hopping via a small cruise ship? One of the top things to do while in the Seychelles is to take a small cruise from Mahe island to view the breathtaking scenery, relaxing beaches, and lush green vegetation on islands such as Curieuse, Cousin Island, and St. Pierre. Enjoy beautiful sunset cruises or take a small glass-bottom kayak out into the sea to view the marine life.

Taste Delicious Street Food

Getty Images / LRPhotographies

The Seychelles offers a wide variety of delicious street food options for those on the go or relaxing on one of the many islands in paradise. Sample fresh seafood selections like squid and fried fish at local food stales on Mahe, such as Jules Take Away or The Copper Pot, also situated on Mahe. Additional standouts include Gala Takeaway in La Digue or Chez Jules, which serves up delicious fresh red snapper and is also vegetarian friendly.

Uncover Kenwyn House

Courtesy of Kenwyn House

Last but certainly not least on the list is a visit to Kenwyn House , an 18th-century French architectural feat which is one of the most visited monuments in the Seychelles. Situated in Victoria on Francis Rachel Street, the most famed street in the capital. It is home to a public art gallery which features local Seychellois artists from around the islands. The historic house allows visitors to take a peek inside of an old Seychelles house that has been restored. It is open daily from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. except on Sundays.

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A Complete Guide to Inter-Island Travel in the Seychelles

Seychelles Travel Guide

The Best Time to Visit the Seychelles Islands

The Complete Guide to the National Parks of the Seychelles

Weather in Seychelles: Climate, Seasons, and Average Monthly Temperature

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Seychelles   Travel Guide

Courtesy of Sergio Canobbio | Getty Images

Why Go To Seychelles

When the going gets tough, the tough get going — and the rest of us conjure our ideal escape, dreaming of a remote island with crowd-free sands, bright blue waters and a tranquil aura. But when you're ready to turn that dream into a reality, set your sights on Seychelles, a cluster of 115 islands peppering the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. You may have caught sight of the scenery here before: The seemingly endless white beaches, giant boulders and swaying palms are the stuff of postcards, television commercials and desktop backgrounds. And while you're lounging along these famous shorelines, it's likely that the only other life forms you'll encounter will be the islands' colorful birds and humongous tortoises.

The Seychelles islands are often referred to in two separate groups. Most travelers limit their exploration to the 43 Inner Islands, basing themselves on one of the group's three main isles. Mahé is the largest, home to the Seychellois capital, Victoria , as well as the famed Anse Intendance beach. Praslin, the second largest of the primary islands, also boasts several acclaimed shorelines, not to mention  Vallée de Mai . And then there's La Digue, a quiet island where bicycles reign supreme and the sands of Anse Source d'Argent beach remain unspoiled. Charter a private yacht further out to sea and you'll likely stumble across one of the 72 Outer Islands, low-lying, sandy cays ruled by wildlife. It doesn't get more remote than that.

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Best of Seychelles

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Best Things to Do in Seychelles

• # 1 in Anse Volbert (Praslin)
• # 2 in Beau Vallon (Mahé)
• # 3 in Anse Lazio (Praslin)

Popular Tours

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La Digue, Curiuese, St. Pierre, Anse Lazio by boat from Mahe (Private Boat)

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Private Seychelles Islands Tour by Boat with snacks & drinks

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Seychelles Travel Tips

Best months to visit.

The best times to visit Seychelles are April, May, October and November. These months represent the transition times between the hot and humid northwest trade winds (from November through March) and the cooler southeast trade winds that define April through October. A visit during these shoulder months offers more mild conditions ideal for sunbathing, wildlife watching and scuba diving. No matter when you visit, you'll encounter temperatures averaging in the 80s. But by frequenting the islands in the spring and fall, you'll also avoid the heavy tourist crowds that descend on the islands in December, January, July and August.

Weather in Seychelles

Data sourced from the National Climatic Data Center

What You Need to Know

• Go heavy on the sunscreen The islands of Seychelles sit just a few degrees south of the equator and the sun's rays are strong here. Make sure to apply sunscreen multiple times throughout the day.
• Go easy on the spices Tap water is safe to drink and food here is prepared safely. That said, the spices used in Creole cuisine can upset sensitive stomachs.
• Do not disturb Resist the urge to bring a piece of Seychelles home — it is illegal to collect shells from nature reserves and marine parks, and you must have a permit to remove plant life.

How to Save Money in Seychelles

• Visit in the off seasons Lodging and transport costs soar from May to September and in December and January. If you can plan a trip for April or November, you can save on travel expenses, especially if you plan several months in advance.
• Avoid the resorts Seychelles' big resorts will charge you an arm and a leg for a bed and a meal. You'll save some dough if you bunk down in one of the islands' smaller inns and dine at local restaurants.
• Stay put It's tempting to try to visit more than one of Seychelles' 115 islands, but you'll save on transportation costs by limiting yourself to just one. Many travelers choose to stay on Mahé or Praslin thanks to the islands' convenient bus systems, ample lodging options and numerous free beaches.

Culture & Customs

Comprising 115 islands located off the eastern coast of Africa, the Republic of Seychelles (or simply Seychelles) was first settled by the French in 1770, who maintained ownership of the islands until 1814. Following the passage of the Treaty of Paris, Seychelles relinquished to Britain, which governed Seychelles until the archipelago achieved independence in 1976. In their short history as settled territory, the Seychelles islands have welcomed people of varying nationalities — European, of course, but also African and Asian — all of whom have left their imprint on Seychelles' culture.

The island nation recognizes three official languages: English, French and French-based Seselwa Creole. Many Seychellois can also speak Italian or German, meaning there's no shortage of ways to communicate with islanders. You'll also recognize international influences in the islands' art and architecture; houses are reminiscent of Europe's Victorian era, seafood is prepared with hints of Asian and French cuisine, and Creole-style music and dance is infused with European, African and Malagasy melodies and movements.

The price of most services — like hotel stays, taxi rides and meals at restaurants — already includes a 5 to 10 percent tip, although you're welcome to leave more if you wish. The official currency of the Seychelles islands is the Seychellois rupee (SCR), which is equal to about 6 American cents. However, credit cards and major currencies, such as the British pound, the euro and the U.S. dollar are all acceptable forms of payment. If you decide to use the Seychellois rupee throughout your stay, you'll find plenty of establishments that offer currency exchange services. But to avoid being scammed (or charged with a crime), only change your money at banks, hotel cashiers or the exchange bureau at Seychelles International Airport (SEZ). It is illegal to exchange currency with an unlicensed operator.

Other than the occasional faux moneychanger, Seychelles is a relatively safe place to visit, though you should use common sense when it comes to your personal belongings and any late-night walkabouts. The sun actually poses the largest threat to unsuspecting visitors. Because of the Seychelles islands' location just south of the equator, you'll need to prepare yourself for powerful rays. Make sure that you are diligent about applying sunscreen and drinking water. It also doesn't hurt to bring a hat and some shades.

While visiting Seychelles, you should be careful to leave the islands as pristine as you found them. Do not take shells from nature reserves or marine parks and do not disturb the wild flora and fauna.

Getting Around Seychelles

The best way to get around Seychelles depends on where you're based: Bus service is commendable on both Mahé and Praslin, while visitors to tiny, flat La Digue would benefit most from a bicycle. If you're planning to travel between islands, Seychelles' ferry services are both convenient and reliable. Taxis can also be found on all three of Seychelles' main islands (though less easily on La Digue), and serve as the most convenient way to get from Seychelles International Airport (SEZ) on Mahé's east coast to Victoria and other destinations around the island. You'll find airports on Praslin and several other smaller islands, which are serviced by Air Seychelles and a few other airlines offering inter-island transportation.

Entry & Exit Requirements

In order to enter Seychelles, you must present a valid passport, an onward or return ticket and proof of accommodation and sufficient funds. If you are traveling through another African country on your way to Seychelles, you may be required to present proof of yellow fever vaccination if you travel through an infected area within six days prior to arriving in Seychelles. For more information, visit the U.S. State Department website .

With sprawling beaches and aquamarine waters, Seychelles is an ideal destination to snap some superb photos.

Explore More of Seychelles

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Seychelles Travel Guide

Travel info

• How to get there
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Whether you are looking for the best travel time, packing lists, or day-to-day information about shopping, transfers, or flight, the travel info section contains numerous hints and tips for your Seychelles holiday!

At A Glance

Location & map

History of the Seychelles

Seychelles Climate

Population and People

Holidays and Festivals

Seychelles - even the name alone evokes ideas of a remote island paradise, lined with palm trees, white sand, and turquoise ocean; of never-ending summer, a lightness of being, tropical scents, colours, and flavours. While all these things ring true, the Seychelles are so much more than that, being a truly varied and multi-faceted holiday destination.

Top 10 Beaches

Cerf Island

Other islands

Powdery fine, white sand, round boulder formations, crystal-clear water, and lush green palm trees: the beaches of the Seychelles are some of the most beautiful in the world, and will win over anyone who pays them a visit.

Flora, Fauna & Nature

The Coral Islands

The Granite Islands

Environment & Conservation

Uninhabited until the 18th century, the Seychelles spawned a rich variety of flora and fauna, most of which has survived the test of time. Thanks to its isolation, many species have thrived here where they did not elsewhere, giving the Seychelles a unique heritage of flora and fauna species for you to enjoy.

The Islands

The Inner Islands

Outer Islands

The 115 granite and coral islands of the Seychelles are spread out across an enormous 1,000,000 km² area of the Indian Ocean, just south of the equator. These islands are divided into two categories: the Inner Islands and the Outer Islands.

Things to Do

Restaurants

The Seychelles are a varied, well-rounded holiday destination, with plenty of restaurants, sights and sounds, activities, and excursions for you to enjoy!

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Sustainable Seychelles

Sustainable Seychelles Recognition & Certification  Sustainable Seychelles Recognition and Certification (SS) is an initiative aimed at promoting and recognising sustainable practices within the tourism sector. It is voluntary, user-friendly, and designed to inspire more efficient and sustainable ways of doing business. The programme is presently applicable to tourism accommodations, restaurants and tour operators of all […]

The aim is to push the platform to get maximum tourism businesses to register and create listings, in order to get up-to-date information on our Official Destination website.

Classification

The aim of the hotel classification programme is to achieve a greater degree of standardization and professionalism within the tourism industry.

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BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT article

Eat-clean-repeat: reef manta rays ( mobula alfredi ) undertake repetitive feeding-cleaning cycles at an aggregation site in seychelles.

• 1 Physiology, Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute and Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
• 2 Save Our Seas Foundation – D’Arros Research Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
• 3 Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia

To maximise energy efficiency, manta ray ( Mobula alfredi , M. birostris ) foraging and cleaning behaviours are thought to often be mutually exclusive, whereby individuals will only forage when prey density thresholds are met and will only clean when foraging is too energetically costly (i.e., thresholds are not met). Here, snorkel surveys and remote camera cleaning station footage show reef manta rays ( M. alfredi ) undertaking repetitive and short-term movements between surface-feeding and cleaning station visits around D’Arros Island, Seychelles. These observations demonstrate that foraging and cleaning behaviours are not mutually exclusive even when prey densities are high. At D’Arros Island, the proximity of cleaning stations to highly productive foraging areas may afford individuals the opportunity to undertake non-foraging activity without incurring significant energy loss from the shifts in behaviour. These data inform a more nuanced understanding of this species’ use of key habitats.

1 Introduction

Manta rays (Myliobatidae, Bonaparte 1838) ( Mobula alfredi , M . birostris ) are planktivorous ectotherms with a circum-global distribution in tropical and sub-tropical waters ( Lawson et al., 2019 ). As planktivorous species, manta rays must often cope with the boom-and-bust characteristic nature of oligotrophic environments (i.e., Papastamatiou and Lowe, 2005 ; Papastamatiou et al., 2007 ), whereby sporadic foraging opportunities may be followed by periods of starvation ( Rohner et al., 2017 ). In response to their patchily distributed prey resource ( Folt and Burns, 1999 ; Srokosz et al., 2003 ), manta rays often form predictable aggregations at known locations (“aggregation sites”) often associated with high prey availability ( Couturier et al., 2011 ; Armstrong et al., 2016 ; Harris et al., 2020 ; Harris and Stevens, 2021 ). Understanding the function of these aggregation sites is important for mobulid conservation ( Palacios et al., 2023 ). Importantly, foraging opportunities are not wholly responsible for animal presence, with cleaning station visitation ( O’Shea et al., 2010 ; Jaine et al., 2012 ), socialisation and/or mating opportunities ( Stevens et al., 2018 ) and predator avoidance ( Germanov et al., 2019 ) also known to be drivers.

Different behaviours have different energetic consequences to the individual (e.g., Kacelnik and Houston, 1984 ; Houston, 1995 ; Christian et al., 1997 ; Williams et al., 2006 ) and current understanding suggests that, in response to this, different behaviours (particularly foraging and cleaning) are often mutually exclusive, triggered by differing conditions and generally occurring at different times ( O’Shea et al., 2010 ; Barr and Abelson, 2019 ; Weeks et al., 2015 ). For example, the slow swimming speed associated with filter-feeding is thought to be energetically costly ( Alexander, 1990 ; but see Paig-Tran et al., 2011 ), and as a result, it is only energetically efficient for manta rays to forage when prey densities reach a threshold that outweighs the energetic costs of filter-feeding ( Armstrong et al., 2016 ; Armstrong et al. 2021b ). It even appears that different fine-scale local environmental conditions preferentially drive foraging behaviour and cleaning station visitation within aggregation sites around the world (e.g., Dewar et al., 2008 ; Jaine et al., 2012 ; Couturier et al., 2018 ; Harris and Stevens, 2021 ). While specific local conditions, such as tidal height and range, may be strongly associated with certain behaviours (e.g., foraging, cleaning), it does not restrict these behaviours from being undertaken under other conditions and cleaning and/or foraging may very well occur outside of these constraints within the same aggregation site, albeit less-frequently (e.g., Jaine et al., 2012 ; Harris and Stevens, 2021 ; Harris et al., 2021 ).

The way an animal uses energy in its environment and how conditions influence the energetic costs of foraging and locomotion can be reconstructed from an animals’ energy landscape ( Shepard and Lambertucci, 2013 ). Requirements modulated through energy landscapes can provide explanation to an individual’s habitat use, distribution, and migration pathways ( Wilson et al., 2012 ; Shepard and Lambertucci, 2013 ). Given the disproportionate risk of extinction in large elasmobranchs and shifting global conditions affecting energy balance ( Lawson et al., 2019 ), it is therefore increasingly relevant to develop a more nuanced understanding of energetics and habitat use in these species.

Here, observations are reported of reef manta rays ( M. alfredi ) around D’Arros Island, Seychelles undertaking frequent cycles between surface foraging and cleaning behaviours. To the best of our knowledge, these data suggest definitively for the first time that foraging and cleaning behaviours are not always mutually exclusive in reef manta rays. This has implications for our understanding of reef manta energetics as well as the functioning of key reef manta ray aggregation sites.

D’Arros Island (5°24.9’S, 53°17.9’E) is a 2 km long by 1 km wide coral sand cay, situated within the Amirantes Island Group, Seychelles ( Figure 1 ). D’Arros is encompassed by a recently gazetted ‘Zone 1’ marine protected area (MPA) that affords the site “high biodiversity protection” (Official Gazette No 34 – Ministry of Agriculture, Climate Change and Environment, 2020). The surrounding reefs provide habitat for over 400 individual reef manta rays (Grimmel, unpublished data ) that make use of productive foraging areas and cleaning stations year-round with seasonally driven peaks in their presence around the island ( Peel et al., 2019 , 2020 ).

Figure 1 D’Arros Island (5°24.9’S, 53°17.9’E) situated within the Amirantes island group of the Seychelles archipelago. Manta survey efforts contained to shallower water depths around the perimeter of the island (within 1 km). Two cleaning stations are situated along the northern edge of the island. Exact locations are not disclosed to protect key habitats of the species. Basemap source: Esri ® .

2.1 Cleaning stations

The coastal reefs north of D’Arros Island host several cleaning stations, two of which have been identified and are monitored with stationary cameras set at fixed locations at ~ 20 m depth (“MantaCam”). These two stations are situated to the north of D’Arros Island approximately 150 m apart along a west-east axis and are located within 10 meters from the start of the reef crest, where the reef steeply slopes from ~3 m to ~ 20 m depth. As individual manta rays can be identified from unique ventral markings ( Beebe and Tee-Van, 1941 ; Marshall et al., 2008 ), cameras face upwards to capture images of the ventral surface of reef manta rays as they use the cleaning site. GoPro Hero 8 and 9 cameras (GoPro Incorporation, California, United States of America) with Voltaic 75V always-on external batteries (Voltaic Systems, New York, United States of America) are housed inside waterproof casings and take pictures on timelapse every 10 seconds during daylight hours (0630-1830 or 0600-1800, depending on season). Cameras are changed regularly to ensure near continuous coverage of the sites. Data from each station is downloaded and processed by identifying individual mantas using the station against an ID database of all known individuals within the wider Seychelles archipelago (Seychelles Manta Ray Project). To distinguish between cleaning behaviours and cleaning station visitation for socialization (or other behaviours), cleaning was identified when cleaner wrasse were observed interacting with the individual. Date and timestamps for each sighting are recorded. Any individual that stayed at the station for a prolonged period had the entire duration of that visit noted down.

2.2 Surface-feeding

Reef manta ray surface-feeding behaviour was monitored via survey, whereby a small vessel patrolled the coastal areas (within 1 km from shore) of D’Arros, completing a full circumference of the island. During these surveys, the vessel completed a distance of approximately 7 km around the island at a maximum speed of 8 knots, with the skipper and at least two snorkelers locating manta rays. On survey days described here, surveys were undertaken by three or four snorkelers (excluding the skipper) for a duration of approximately three hours. While individuals may be located along the entire survey area, during the surveys identified here individuals were predominantly located along the 2 km stretch north of D’Arros, intersecting where the two cleaning stations are located. The closest proximity of surface-feeding individuals to cleaning stations was approximately 20 m, when individuals were located directly above the cleaning stations. Manta rays located from aboard the vessel were followed via snorkel to collect photo identification of their ventral surface using GoPro Hero 9, 11 or 12. Footage was cross-referenced with the ID database to identify and pinpoint timestamps for each individual when they were surface-feeding. Surface-feeding was identified as when cephalic lobes unfurled and individuals’ mouth was open.

2.3 Feeding-cleaning cycles

Repetitive movements, grouped as total numbers of behavioural transits (one-way movements from surface-feeding to cleaning station use or vice versa) as well as feeding-cleaning cycles (feeding, cleaning and back to feeding or vice versa), were quantified from survey and camera data. Behavioural transits were quantified over a maximum of 1-hour periods whereby an individual that was observed surface-feeding (or cleaning) must be observed undertaking the other behaviour within 1-hour of the initial observation. Feeding-cleaning cycles were quantified over a maximum of 2-hour periods whereby an individual had to be observed surface-feeding (or cleaning), transit to the other behaviour, and then return to the original behaviour within the 2-hour period. This timeframe was based on survey duration and the time-period over which the majority of reef manta rays were observed surface-feeding. Individuals that cycled or transitioned between behaviours but outside of these parameters were not included.

Across four survey days during November and December 2023, 11 identified individual reef manta rays undertook repetitive behavioural transits and feeding-cleaning cycles ( Table 1 ). A total of 27 transits (μ = 2.45 ± 0.78 S.D) and 15 cycles (1.36 ± 0.5) were undertaken, with cycles ranging from 11 to 102 min (66 ± 29) in duration ( Table 1 ). Here, duration of cycles is the total time taken for the individual to move from one behaviour (e.g., cleaning) to another (e.g., feeding) and then return again to the original behaviour (e.g., cleaning). Median time taken for an individual to transit between behaviours was 28 minutes (μ = 29.48 ± 17.75 S.D). SC-MA-0014 undertook the quickest transits between behaviours with a mean of 8.33 ± 5.44 minutes. SC-MA-0101 undertook the longest transits with a mean of 48.5 ± 2.5 minutes ( Table 1 ).

Table 1 Metadata table of individual reef manta rays ( Mobula alfredi ) that undertook movements between surface-feeding and cleaning behaviours.

Cleaning-only behaviour was the most commonly seen behaviour across the four survey days. The second most common behaviour was feeding-cleaning cycles except on 18 December where feeding-only was the second most common behaviour. The 21 November (n=23) had the highest proportion of individuals undertaking both feeding and cleaning behaviours (56.5%) and feeding-cleaning cycles (34.8%). The 18 December (n=10) had the lowest proportion of individuals exhibiting both behaviours (14.3%) and feeding-cleaning cycles (7%), with an equal representation of cleaning-only and feeding-only behaviours (42.9% for both). Most individuals (excluding SC-MA-0298, -0092, -0321 and -0007), not only undertook repetitive movements between surface-feeding and cleaning behaviours but also repetitively moved between visiting each of the two cleaning stations ( Table 1 ).

4 Discussion

An individual’s capacity to minimise energy expenditure (i.e. cost of locomotion) and maximise energy gain through foraging has direct (e.g., body condition, mortality) ( du Plessis et al., 2012 ; Giles et al., 2020 ) and indirect (e.g., reproductive success) ( Ballard et al., 2010 ; Jeanniard-du-Dot et al., 2017 ; Jeanniard du Dot et al., 2018 ) consequences on fitness and survival. According to optimal foraging theory, animals must maximise energy acquisition by obtaining as much energy as possible through foraging in a given period of time ( Schoener, 1971 ; Norberg, 1977 , 2021 ). Under this assumption, when conditions favour foraging (e.g., plankton densities exceed a threshold), manta rays will exclusively forage in order to meet energetic demands and will not expend energy undertaking other behaviours elsewhere (see O’Shea et al., 2010 ; Barr and Abelson, 2019 ). Findings here, however, demonstrate short-term cycles between surface-feeding and cleaning station use in reef manta rays at a Seychelles aggregation site for the first time. At D’Arros, high-use cleaning stations adjacent to the northern reef slopes coincide with areas of preferred feeding ( Peel et al., 2024 ). The reefs on the northern shores have a steeper topographic relief relative to the south, potentially driving greater upwellings of plankton and influencing observed spatial patterns in feeding at the site. Similarly, the steeper reef slopes around the north of D’Arros make for more pronounced deep reef patches that act as quality cleaning stations. The proximity of these cleaning stations to highly productive foraging areas may mean that cleaning activity can be undertaken without significant loss of energy or that intermittent cleaning confers other benefits to the individual. Cleaning stations play an important role in manta ray fitness, offering an important location for socialisation and potentially improving social learning, predator avoidance and contribute to foraging efficiency through collective feeding events ( Perryman et al., 2019 ). As a result, manta rays are thought to preferentially select cleaning stations with hard coral substrate and specific cleaner wrasse species with these ‘quality’ cleaning stations contributing to a spatial map the individuals possess of their landscape ( Armstrong et al. 2021a ). Here, reef manta rays most commonly exhibited cleaning behaviours, whether these were cleaning-only or cleaning alongside feeding behaviours. While cleaning may very well be the most common behaviour over surveyed days, cleaning stations are consistently monitored by remote camera across the entire day whereas surveys are limited to the survey period (~3 hours). Therefore, it is possible that an animal that was only observed cleaning also surface-fed but was not identified during the survey. Regardless, functional cleaning and foraging habitat in close proximity may benefit not just foraging success but also sociability in this population whereby interrupted or unsuccessful cleaning events can be returned to after a brief foraging ‘break’. Such quality cleaning sites occurring in concert with productive foraging areas may play an important role in selection of key high-use habitats.

Observations here offer a unique perspective into the energy landscape of D’Arros Island reef manta rays where the seascape hosts opportunities to undertake multiple behaviours simultaneously without suffering an apparent net energy loss through reduced foraging opportunities. Energy landscapes are dynamic, varying in space and time ( Masello et al., 2017 ) and so these observations may be situational even within the D’Arros Island aggregation site as both localised and broad-scale environmental conditions influence energetic costs of behaviour for the population. It should be noted that the need to maximize foraging activity, as according to optimal foraging theory, may not be applicable to all populations of manta ray. Some populations live in highly productive environments where they do not suffer the energetic knife edge associated with oligotrophic conditions (see Papastamatiou and Lowe, 2005 ; Papastamatiou et al., 2007 ). For populations where feeding to satiation is not favoured, repetitive and simultaneous cycles between foraging and cleaning events may offer a unique opportunity to undertake a multitude of behaviours without a net energy loss. Regardless of the potential circumstantial nature of these feeding-cleaning cycles, the data presented here offers important consideration for conservation of key aggregation sites of vulnerable species.

While other aggregation sites suggest feeding and cleaning behaviours may present closer to mutual exclusivity in manta rays ( O’Shea et al., 2010 ; Barr and Abelson, 2019 ), specific habitats, such as D’Arros, may provide for alternative energetic strategies. D’Arros is not the only site that may offer habitat characteristics that afford multiple behaviours occurring simultaneously. Manta rays in aggregation sites within Raja Ampat, Indonesia, use the habitat for foraging and cleaning, though repetitive feeding-cleaning cycles have not been formally identified at these sites ( Setyawan et al., 2020 ). Areas such as these may be important for both social behaviour and energy acquisition through foraging. Continuous effort should be made into identifying habitat where individuals undertake multiple key behaviours simultaneously and can be done using non-invasive techniques (e.g., remote camera as used in this study, drones as discussed in Setyawan et al., 2020 ). Increasing anthropogenic pressure at manta ray aggregation sites, particularly cleaning stations ( Tratalos and Austin, 2001 ; Murray et al., 2020 ), could have ongoing consequences for the capacity of individuals to meet their energy demands if these areas coincide with highly productive foraging areas. Defining the function and overlap in important cleaning, feeding or socialisation areas is therefore imperative to the long-term conservation of these species.

Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Ethics statement

The animal study was approved by Seychelles Bureau of Standard, Seychelles Government. The study was conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements.

Author contributions

RN: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. HG: Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Writing – review & editing. DP: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. EM: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. AA: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. RB: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing, Supervision.

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. All equipment and facilities used to undertake this work was supported by the Save Our Seas Foundation. Lead author RN was supported by the Forrest Research Foundation Scholarship, Society for Underwater Technology Scholarship and Australian Government Research Training Program Stipend during fieldwork and write-up of this work.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Save Our Seas Foundation for their generous support allowing this work to be undertaken. The authors would also like to acknowledge the field assistance of Marcus Kats and Nico Fassbender during parts of the fieldwork for this project.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

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Keywords: energy expenditure, behaviour, manta ray, activity regime, habitat use

Citation: Newsome RJ, Grimmel HMV, Pouponeau DK, Moulinie EE, Andre AA and Bullock RW (2024) Eat-clean-repeat: reef manta rays ( Mobula alfredi ) undertake repetitive feeding-cleaning cycles at an aggregation site in Seychelles. Front. Mar. Sci. 11:1422655. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2024.1422655

Received: 24 April 2024; Accepted: 16 July 2024; Published: 09 August 2024.

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2024 Newsome, Grimmel, Pouponeau, Moulinie, Andre and Bullock. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Rachel J. Newsome, [email protected]

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