safari css user select

Controls the level of style and functionality of the site, a lower fidelity meaning less bandwidth, battery, and CPU usage. Learn more .

Custom Style Sheets in Safari

I first heard mention of adding a custom style sheet in Safari a couple months back. I honestly can’t remember where I saw it but I was reading something and, in passing, the author mentioned the idea of hiding the right sidebar on Twitter using a custom style sheet in Safari. This thing:

It’s funny how you sometimes miss the entire point of someone’s writing and selectively remember what you want, in this case “hey, I can hide that dumb module on Twitter with little effort?” I’d like to say that I have the self-discipline to avoid clicking on anything in that module, but unfortunately I am not that strong of a person. Sometimes I just get bored and something there makes me think “oh, hmm, I wonder...” and then I click it. It’s one of those things where, if it wasn’t there, it wouldn’t be a problem. Like keeping cookies right next to your desk. But it’s frictionless and easy and RIGHT THERE that I succumb. But I digress. My weaknesses are not on trial in this post.

The thought hit me: “hey I should hide that right sidebar on twitter.com using a custom style sheet in Safari!” So I did. And then I moved on with life. I never thought to write a post about it because, you know, custom style sheets in a browser? That’s old news.

But then, I recently found this post published in November of 2020 about customizing your browsing experience using custom style sheets and thought “I guess this isn’t old news just quite yet.” Plus I’m trying to write a lot more this year , so here we are.

Note: it’s worth mentioning that hiding the right sidebar in twitter isn’t a novel idea. Craig Hockenberry created a Safari extension that’ll do it for you called “Fixerrific”. Granted, like my custom style sheet, this removes the entire right sidebar, including the search box which you might actually find useful. That said, you can still access the search functionality on twitter by going to the Explore tab.

How I Did It

First off, Safari lets you specify a custom style sheet.

In case you don’t know, a custom style sheet is a bunch of CSS rules that you get to specify and then the browser will apply them to every single web page you visit .

The first thing I needed to do was open twitter.com and find out what type of CSS rule I could write to target that right sidebar. I can tell you, it wasn’t easy. Twitter has a bunch of generated classes names, which I’m assuming are quite dynamic, so finding a rule that would target the right sidebar and not change in the near future seemed like it might be tough. But then I found it: a DOM node which encompassed the entire right sidebar that had a very specific attribute data-testid="sidebarColumn" .

I can’t say for sure, but that looks like one of those attributes the QA team appends to certain elements they want to find with their automated browser tests. The whole purpose of those kinds of attributes is so the engineers won’t touch them and change their names, that way the automated tests can run for a long time without breaking. Again, I can’t make any guarantees, but this selector will probably be around for a while. So I felt pretty confident I could use that selector and not have it break in a short period of time due to twitter refactoring their DOM markup.

Once I had a selector I could use, I opened my text editor and created the following CSS file:

From there, I saved the .css file in my Dropbox folder (for backup purposes, i.e. a lazy man’s version control) then opened Safari’s preferences and selected my newly created file. A restart of Safari and boom! The sidebar was gone.

Feeling emboldened and empowered with my CSS sword of righteousness, I figured I’d go ahead and get rid of the DM/chat widget thing twitter recently introduced. It was merely visual noise to me. And fortunately, it had a similar way to be targeted: [data-testid="DMDrawer"] .

Pretty cool. Now I have a version of twitter custom tailored to me, free of a lot of distractions I don’t want to see.

Observations Nobody Asked For

If you write a lot of custom styles for sites across the web, you could start running into naming collisions. It would be neat if you could scope styles to a specific domain. Maybe there’s a way to do it? I couldn’t think of one. Imagine:

JavaScript has access to a page’s URL via window.location but AFAIK that’s not available—at least not in any standardized way—in CSS.

It's likely a terrible idea, but we have custom user style sheets, is there such a thing as a custom user scripts? Imagine giving a .js file to the browser and it runs it on every single page, like a custom style sheet. Why? Because I want to specify all my custom styles using JavaScript not CSS.

Just kidding.

But seriously, if there was something like this, I could have a script that runs on every page and sticks an attribute on the root html element with the page’s URL. Imagine:

This would result in every page getting an attribute on the root element with the current page’s href on it.

This would allow me to scope every single one of my custom style sheet selectors to a specific domain:

Honestly, that sounds cool but impractical (not to mention the incredible security implications). It’s fun to think about though.

But hey, if I felt like disabling JavaScript, I could use this theoretical custom script functionality to run the following JavaScript on ever page I visit, just to show who really is in power:

I love old-school browser functionality like this. Can you imagine a feature like custom style sheets being proposed and implemented in today’s world? I feel like this is in Safari as a holdover from a bygone era. Could it ever get the momentum to happen today? I worry Apple might take it out sometime in the future.

All that said, if you want to read more, this post has a perspective on the history of custom style sheets in Safari that you might find interesting.

Update: 2020-01-14

I received an email from John P. Rouillard who read my question about having custom user scripts and said “You mean like greasemonkey or tapermonkey?”

I realized when I wrote that paragraph that I was merely describing what browser extensions are for. What I was trying to get at is that it would be really cool if custom user scripts were a feature of the browser, i.e. adding a custom user script was as simple as adding a custom style sheet: select a .js file on disk and boom, you’re done.

That said, maybe I’ll give one of these user scripts extensions a try. I’ve heard of greasemonkey and used it back in like 2012. But I’ve never heard of tampermonkey. Looks like it’s open source and even available for Safari . Thanks John!

user-select

The user-select property controls the ability in which a user can select text within an HTML element.

You’ll need to prefix user-select with -webkit- for it to work on Safari and Safari on iOS. This chart on Caniuse tracks that limitation and also shows all of the browser that support the property.

And, when you don’t prefix user-select , you can see from this CodePen that the text is still able to be selected on Safari.

user-select values

Let’s dive into what each of these properties actually does.

Related posts

• How to Disable Text Selection Highlighting

• Skip to main content
• Select language
• Skip to search
• user-select

This is an experimental technology Because this technology's specification has not stabilized, check the compatibility table for usage in various browsers. Also note that the syntax and behavior of an experimental technology is subject to change in future versions of browsers as the specification changes.

Controls the actual Selection operation. This doesn't have any effect on content loaded as chrome, except in textboxes. A similar property user-focus was proposed in early drafts of a predecessor of css3-ui but was rejected by the working group.

Note: Check the compatibility table for the proper prefixes to use in various browsers.

Note: One of the differences between browser implementations is inheritance. In Firefox, -moz-user-select is not inherited by absolutely positioned elements, but in Safari and Chrome, -webkit-user-select is inherited by those elements.

Note:  CSS UI 4  rename user-select: element to contain .

Specifications

Browser compatibility.

[1] In addition to the -moz prefixed support, Gecko 44.0 (Firefox 44.0 / Thunderbird 44.0 / SeaMonkey 2.41) added support for a -webkit prefixed version of the property for web compatibility reasons behind the preference layout.css.prefixes.webkit , defaulting to false . Since Gecko 49.0 (Firefox 49.0 / Thunderbird 49.0 / SeaMonkey 2.46) the preference defaults to true .

[2] See documentation on MSDN .

[3] Chromium bug.

• ::selection
• Safari -webkit-user-select reference documentation
• IE 10 Blog post
• user-select in CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 4 .

Document Tags and Contributors

• CSS Reference
• Mozilla Extensions
• -moz-appearance (-webkit-appearance, appearance)
• -moz-binding
• -moz-border-bottom-colors
• -moz-border-left-colors
• -moz-border-right-colors
• -moz-border-top-colors
• element or as a background image), the SVG image can coordinate with the embedding element (its context) to have the image adopt property values set on the embedding element. To do this the embedding element needs to list the properties that are to be made available to the image by listing them as values of the -moz-context-properties property, and the image needs to opt in to using those properties by using values such as the context-fill value."> -moz-context-properties
• -moz-float-edge
• -moz-force-broken-image-icon
• -moz-image-region
• -moz-orient
• -moz-outline-radius
• -moz-outline-radius-bottomleft
• -moz-outline-radius-bottomright
• -moz-outline-radius-topleft
• -moz-outline-radius-topright
• -moz-stack-sizing
• -moz-text-blink
• -moz-user-focus
• -moz-user-input
• -moz-user-modify
• -moz-window-shadow
• box-direction
• box-flex-group
• box-ordinal-group
• overflow-clip-box

Safari CSS Reference

• Table of Contents
• Jump To…
• Download Sample Code

Supported CSS Properties

Safari and WebKit implement a large subset of the CSS 2.1 Specification defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), along with portions of the CSS 3 Specification. This reference describes the supported properties and provides Safari availability information. If a property is not listed here, it is not implemented by Safari and WebKit.

The CSS attributes in this article are divided according to the groups defined by the W3C CSS Specification:

Box Model describes properties specific to the bounding boxes of block elements, including borders, padding, and margins. Additional box-related properties specific to tables are described separately in Tables .

Visual Formatting Model describes properties that set the position and size of block elements.

Visual Effects describes properties that adjust the visual presentation of block elements, including overflow behavior, resizing behavior, visibility, animation, transforms, and transitions.

Generated Content, Automatic Numbering, and Lists describes properties that allow you to change the contents of an element, create automatically numbered sections and headings, and manipulate the style of list elements.

Paged Media describes properties associated with controlling appearance attributes specific to printed versions of a webpage, such as page break behavior.

Colors and Backgrounds describes properties that control the background of block-level elements and the color of text content within elements.

Fonts describes properties specific to font selection for text within an element. It also describes properties used in downloadable font definitions.

Text describes properties specific to text styles, spacing, and automatic scrolling (marquee).

Tables describes layout and styling properties specific to table elements.

User Interface describes properties that relate to user interface elements in the browser, such as scrolling text areas, scroll bars, and so on. It also describes properties that are outside the scope of the page content, such as cursor style and the callout shown when you touch and hold a touch target such as a link in iOS.

Defines a variety of border properties for an element within one declaration.

The width of the border on all sides.

The style of the border.

The color of the border.

border-color

Border-style, border-width, border-bottom.

Defines a variety of properties for an element’s bottom border within one declaration.

The width of the bottom border.

border-bottom-color

border-bottom-style

border-bottom-width

Defines the color of the bottom border of an element.

The color of the bottom border.

The value of the element’s color property.

The default color of a hyperlink that is being clicked.

The color that surrounds a UI element, such as a text field, that has focus.

The default color of a hyperlink that has been visited.

The default text color.

activeborder , activecaption , appworkspace , aqua , background , black , blue , buttonface , buttonhighlight , buttonshadow , buttontext , captiontext , fuchsia , gray , graytext , green , grey , highlight , highlighttext , inactiveborder , inactivecaption , inactivecaptiontext , infobackground , infotext , lime , maroon , match , menu , menutext , navy , olive , orange , purple , red , scrollbar , silver , teal , threeddarkshadow , threedface , threedhighlight , threedlightshadow , threedshadow , transparent , white , window , windowframe , windowtext , yellow

Changes to this property can be animated.

Defines the style of the bottom border of an element.

The style of the bottom border.

dashed , dotted , double , groove , hidden , inset , none , outset , ridge , solid

Defines the width of the bottom border of an element.

Length units

medium , thick , thin

Defines the color of an element’s border.

border-left-color

Border-right-color, border-top-color, border-left.

Defines a variety of properties for an element’s left border within one declaration.

The width of the left border.

The style of the left border.

The color of the left border.

border-left-style

border-left-width

Defines the color of the left border of an element.

Defines the style of the left border of an element.

Defines the width of the left border of an element.

border-right

Defines a variety of properties for an element’s right border within one declaration.

The width of the right border.

The style of the right border.

The color of the right border.

border-right-style

border-right-width

Defines the color of the right border of an element.

Defines the style of the right border of an element.

Defines the width of the right border of an element.

Defines the style for an element’s border.

border-top-style

Defines a variety of properties for an element’s top border within one declaration.

The width of the top border.

The style of the top border.

The color of the top border.

border-top-width

Defines the color of the top border of an element.

Defines the style of the top border of an element.

Defines the width of the top border of an element.

Defines the width of the border of an element.

The width of the border.

Defines the width of an element’s outer-element margin.

The width of the margin.

The width of the top margin.

The width of the right margin.

The width of the bottom margin.

The width of the left margin.

margin-bottom

Margin-left, margin-right.

Defines the width of the bottom margin of an element.

Numbers as a percentage, length units

Defines the width of the left margin of an element.

Defines the width of the right margin of an element.

Defines the width of the top margin of an element.

Defines the width of an element’s inner-element padding.

The width of the padding on all sides.

The width of the top padding.

The width of the right padding.

The width of the bottom padding.

The width of the left padding.

padding-bottom

Padding-left, padding-right, padding-top.

Defines the width of the bottom padding of an element.

Defines the width of the left padding of an element.

Defines the width of the right padding of an element.

Defines the width of the top padding of an element.

-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius

Specifies that the bottom-left corner of a box be rounded with the specified radius.

The radius of the rounded corner.

The horizontal radius of the rounded corner.

The vertical radius of the rounded corner.

-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius

-webkit-border-radius

-webkit-border-top-left-radius

-webkit-border-top-right-radius

This property takes either one or two parameters. If one parameter is specified, it controls both the horizontal and vertical radii of a quarter ellipse. If two parameters are specified, the first parameter normally represents the horizontal radius and the second parameter represents the remaining radius. (Compatibility note: In Internet Explorer, if writing-mode is specified as tb-rl , these parameters are reversed.)

Available in Safari 3.0 and later.

Available in iOS 1.0 and later.

Experimental CSS 3.

Specifies that the bottom-right corner of a box be rounded with the specified radius.

-webkit-border-image

Specifies an image as the border for a box.

The method of which to produce the image. This could be expressed by the url() syntax, which contains the URI of the image (in the same fashion as the background-image property), or by a procedural function such as gradient() .

The distance from the top edge of the image.

The distance from the right edge of the image.

The distance from the bottom edge of the image.

The distance from the left edge of the image.

The horizontal repeat style.

The vertical repeat style.

The image is tiled.

The image is stretched before it is tiled to prevent partial tiles

The image is stretched to the size of the border.

The specified image is cut into nine pieces according to the length values given. This property applies to any box, including inline elements, but does not apply to table cells if the border-collapse property is set to collapse .

The first five fields are required. The four inset values that follow method represent distances from the top, right, bottom, and left edges of the image. If no unit is specified, they represent actual pixels in the original image (assuming a raster image). If a unit (such as px ) is specified, they represent CSS units (which may or may not be the same thing). The values may also be specified as a percentage of the size of the image as well as vector coordinates.

After the required fields, you can optionally include a border width field or fields, preceded by a slash ( / ). You can specify all four border widths individually or specify a single value that applies to all four fields. If these values are not the same size as the inset values, the slices of the original image are scaled to fit. Note that border-width constants like thick are not valid.

Finally, you can specify a repeat style in each direction. These values affect how the top, bottom, left, right, and center portions are altered to fit the required dimensions, and can be any of the following: repeat (tiled), stretch , or round (the round style is like tiling, except that it stretches all nine pieces slightly so that there is no partial tile at the end).

Specifies that the corners of a box be rounded with the specified radius.

The radius of the rounded corners.

The horizontal radius of the rounded corners.

The vertical radius of the rounded corners.

Specifies that the top-left corner of a box be rounded with the specified radius.

Specifies that the top-right corner of a box be rounded with the specified radius.

-webkit-box-sizing

Specifies that the size of a box be measured according to either its content (default) or its total size including borders.

The model by which the size of the box is measured.

The box size includes borders in addition to content.

The box size only includes content.

Available in iOS 1.1 and later. (Called box-sizing in iOS 1.0.)

-webkit-box-shadow

Applies a drop shadow effect to the border box of an object.

The horizontal offset of the shadow.

The vertical offset of the shadow.

The blur radius of the shadow.

The color of the shadow.

The box has no shadow.

This property takes four parameters. The first two are horizontal and vertical offsets—down for horizontal, and to the right for vertical. The third value is a blur radius. The fourth value is the color of the shadow. Changes to this property can be animated.

Available in iOS 2.0 and later.

-webkit-margin-bottom-collapse

Specifies the behavior of an element’s bottom margin if it is adjacent to an element with a margin. Elements can maintain their respective margins or share a single margin between them.

The behavior of the bottom margin.

Two adjacent margins are collapsed into a single margin.

The element’s margin is discarded if it is adjacent to another element with a margin.

Two adjacent margins remain separate.

This property allows you to emulate the behavior of some browsers in quirks mode where table cell margins are collapsed into the borders of vertically adjacent cells.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-margin-bottom-collapse in Safari 2.0.)

Apple extension.

-webkit-margin-collapse

Specifies the behavior of an element’s vertical margins if it is adjacent to an element with a margin. Elements can maintain their respective margins or share a single margin between them.

The behavior of the vertical margins.

-webkit-margin-top-collapse

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-magin-collapse in Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-margin-start

Provides the width of the starting margin.

The width of the starting margin.

The margin is automatically determined.

If the writing direction is left-to-right, this value overrides margin-left . If the writing direction is right-to-left, this value overrides margin-right .

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called it is -khtml-margin-start in Safari 2.0.)

Specifies the behavior of an element’s top margin if it is adjacent to an element with a margin. Elements can maintain their respective margins or share a single margin between them.

The behavior of the top margin.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-magin-top-collapse in Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-padding-start

Provides the width of the starting padding.

The width of the starting padding.

If the writing direction is left-to-right, this value overrides padding-left . If the writing direction is right-to-left, this value overrides padding-right .

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-padding-start in Safari 2.0.)

Visual Formatting Model

Defines the location of the bottom edge of the element for both absolute and relative positioning.

The location of the bottom edge of the element.

Available in Safari 1.0 and later.

Available in iOS 1.0 and later

Defines the sides of an element on which no floating elements are permitted to be displayed.

The sides of the element on which no floating elements can be displayed.

both , left , none , right

Sets the direction in which text is rendered.

The direction of the text.

Defines how an element is displayed onscreen.

The display mode.

The element is displayed in its own flex box.

The element is displayed inline in its own flex box.

block , compact , inline , inline-block , inline-table , list-item , none , run-in , table , table-caption , table-cell , table-column , table-column-group , table-footer-group , table-header-group , table-row , table-row-group

Indicates whether an element (often a graphic) should be pulled out of the normal text flow and floated toward a particular horizontal position within its enclosing element.

The position for the element to be floated toward.

center , left , none , right

If float is set to none , the element is displayed inline wherever it appears within the text flow.

If float is set to a positional value, the element is laid out as it normally would be within the flow, then is moved as far as possible towards the specified position. If an element is vertically positioned such that it would run into another element that is part of the same float, it stops at the point of contact. Thus, in effect, this causes these floating elements to stack up at the specified horizontal position.

If the width of a series of stacked floating elements exceeds the width of the enclosing box, further elements wrap to a new row. You can force an element to always wrap to a new row by setting the clear property on that element. (See clear for more information.)

Note:  With the exception of elements with intrinsic width (an img tag, for example), you should always set the width property on floating elements to ensure consistent behavior across browsers.

Defines the height of a structural element.

The height of the element.

Numbers as a percentage, length units, nonnegative values

auto , intrinsic , min-intrinsic

This property has no effect on inline elements. Changes to this property can be animated.

Defines the location of the left edge of the element for both absolute and relative positioning.

The location of the left edge of the element.

line-height

Defines the vertical interline spacing of lines within the text of an element.

The interline spacing value.

Floating-point numbers, Numbers as a percentage, length units

Defines the maximum height of a structural element.

The maximum height.

intrinsic , min-intrinsic , none

Available in Safari 1.3 and later. (Positioned elements require Safari 2.0.2 and later.)

Defines the maximum width of a structural element.

The maximum width.

Available in Safari 1.0 and later. (Positioned elements require Safari 2.0.2 and later.)

Defines the minimum height of a structural element.

The minimum height.

intrinsic , min-intrinsic

Defines the minimum width of a structural element.

The minimum width.

Specifies how to blend the offscreen rendering into the current composite rendering.

The opacity.

Floating-point numbers

Available in Safari 2.0 and later. (Called -khtml-opacity in Safari 1.1.)

Specifies how an element is positioned.

The positioning model for the element.

absolute , fixed , relative , static

This property affects the behavior of positional properties such as float and left / right / top / bottom .

Defines the location of the right edge of the element for both absolute and relative positioning.

The location of the right edge of the element.

Defines the location of the top edge of the element for both absolute and relative positioning.

The location of the top edge of the element.

unicode-bidi

Defines the Unicode bidirectional text algorithm used to display text.

The bidirectional text algorithm.

bidi-override , embed , normal

This property must be set if you intend to change the direction of inline text.

vertical-align

Defines the vertical alignment of elements inline with text.

The vertical alignment of the text.

The center of the element is aligned with the baseline of the text.

baseline , bottom , middle , sub , super , text-bottom , text-top , top

Defines the width of a structural element.

The width of the element.

Overrides the default stacking order of elements.

The z-index of the element.

Formally, the z-index property sets the height of an element above the drawing plane (in pixels). Its primary use is to override the default stacking order of elements.

By default, elements are stacked in the order in which they appear within the DOM tree; later elements appear on top of earlier elements. If you set a z-index value for an element, that element is displayed on top of all elements with a lower z-index value, underneath all elements with a higher z-index value, and stacked according to its position in the DOM tree relative to all elements with the same z-index value.

By default, elements are assigned a z-index value of auto , which is equivalent to zero ( 0 ).

Specifies the magnification of an element.

The magnification of the element.

Numbers as a percentage, floating-point numbers, nonnegative values

A zoom level of 100% .

Specifies that an element not scale at all when a zoom is applied.

Children of elements with the zoom property do not inherit the property, but they are affected by it. The default value of the zoom property is normal , which is equivalent to a percentage value of 100% or a floating-point value of 1.0 .

Available in Safari 4.0 and later.

Visual Effects

Defines the clipping region.

The clipping region.

A clipping region is the portion of an element in which its content will be rendered. The default is to render content within the entire element size.

If you do not use the constant auto , the value should be in the form of a supported shape (currently limited to rect ).

For example, clip: rect(3px 20px 5px 8px); defines a rectangular clip region with a top edge 3 pixels from the top of the element, a right edge 20 pixels from the left edge of the element, a bottom border 5 pixels from the top of the element, and a left border 8 pixels from the left edge of the element.

Defines the treatment of content that overflows the element’s bounds.

The overflow behavior.

This property allows you to choose the behavior for content that overflows the element bounds, such as providing scroll bars or hiding the overflowed content.

Defines the treatment of content that overflows the element’s horizontal bounds.

The content behaves like a marquee.

auto , hidden , overlay , scroll , visible

Stable CSS 3.

Defines the treatment of content that overflows the element’s vertical bounds.

Specifies the directions in which resizing is allowed.

The directions in which resizing is allowed.

auto , both , horizontal , none , vertical

Defines whether or not an element is visible onscreen.

collapse , hidden , visible

Note that elements made invisible using this property still take up space onscreen. Changes to this property can be animated.

Available in Safari 1.0 and later. (All supported except for collapse .)

-webkit-animation

Combines common animation properties into a single property.

See -webkit-animation-name for details.

See -webkit-animation-duration for details.

See -webkit-animation-timing-function for details.

See -webkit-animation-delay for details.

See -webkit-animation-iteration-count for details.

See -webkit-animation-direction for details.

Refer to the respective property for details of each property and default values.

-webkit-animation-delay

Defines when an animation starts.

The time to begin executing an animation after it is applied. If 0 , the animation executes as soon as it is applied. If positive, it specifies an offset from the moment the animation is applied, and the animation delays execution by that offset. If negative, the animation executes the moment the property changes but appears to begin at the specified negative offset—that is, begins part-way through the animation. Nonzero values must specify a unit: s for seconds, ms for milliseconds. The default value is 0 .

The animation begins immediately.

This property allows an animation to begin execution some time after it is applied.

-webkit-animation-direction

Determines whether the animation should play in reverse on alternate iterations.

The direction to play. The default value is normal .

Play each iteration of the animation in the forward direction.

Play even-numbered iterations of the animation in the forward direction and odd-numbered iterations in the reverse direction.

When an animation is played in reverse, the timing functions are also reversed. For example, when played in reverse, an ease-in animation appears as an ease-out animation.

-webkit-animation-duration

Specifies the length of time that an animation takes to complete one iteration.

The duration of an animation. If 0 , the animation iteration is immediate (there is no animation). A negative value is treated as 0 . The default value is 0 .

-webkit-animation-fill-mode

Specifies whether the effects of an animation are apparent before the animation starts and after it ends.

The animation’s fill mode. Can be none , forwards , backwards , or both .

The effects of the animation are apparent only during the defined duration of the animation.

The animation’s final keyframe continues to apply after the final iteration of the animation completes.

The animation’s initial keyframe is applied as soon as the animation style is applied to an element. This only affects animations that have a nonzero value for -webkit-animation-delay .

The animation’s initial keyframe is applied as soon as the animation style is applied to an element, and the animation’s final keyframe continues to apply after the final iteration of the animation completes. The initial keyframe only affects animations that have a nonzero value for -webkit-animation-delay .

By default, an animation starts as soon as the style that describes the animation is applied to an element; however, the -webkit-animation-delay property can delay the start of an animation. Specifying a value of backwards or both for this property overrides the -webkit-animation-delay property and tells the animation to start as soon as the style is applied.

Available in Safari 5.0 and later.

Available in iOS 4.0 and later.

-webkit-animation-iteration-count

Specifies the number of times an animation iterates.

The number of iterations. If 1 , the animation plays from beginning to end once. A value of infinite causes the animation to repeat forever. Noninteger values cause the animation to end partway through an iteration. Negative values are invalid. The default value is 1 .

Repeats the animation forever.

This property is often used with a -webkit-animation-direction property set to alternate , which causes the animation to play in reverse on alternate iterations.

-webkit-animation-name

Specifies the name of an animation.

The name of the animation.

The name is used to select the -webkit-keyframe at-rule that provides the keyframes and property values for the animation. If the name does not match any -webkit-keyframe at-rule, there are no properties to be animated and the animation is not executed. See @-webkit-keyframes for a description of this rule.

If "none" , no animation is executed even if there is a -webkit-keyframe at-rule with that name. Setting this property to "none" explicitly disables animations.

The default value is "" .

-webkit-animation-play-state

Determines whether the animation is running or paused.

The state of an animation.

Plays the animation.

Pauses the animation.

A running animation can be paused by setting this property to paused . Set this property to running to continue running a paused animation. A paused animation continues to display the current value of the animation in a static state. When a paused animation is resumed, it restarts from the current value, not from the beginning of the animation.

The default value is running .

-webkit-animation-timing-function

Defines how an animation progresses between keyframes.

The function to apply between keyframes. The default value is ease .

Equivalent to cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.1, 0.25, 1.0) .

Equivalent to cubic-bezier(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0) .

Equivalent to cubic-bezier(0.42, 0, 1.0, 1.0) .

Equivalent to cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.58, 1.0) .

Equivalent to cubic-bezier(0.42, 0, 0.58, 1.0) .

Equivalent to steps(1, end) .

Available in iOS 5.0 and later.

Available in Safari 5.1 and later.

Equivalent to steps(1, start) .

The timing function is specified using a cubic Bezier curve. Use the constants to specify preset points of the curve or the cubic-bezier function to specify your own points. See cubic-bezier for a description of the parameters for this function. See Timing Functions for additional information about timing functions.

This property applies between keyframes, not over the entire animation. For example, for an ease-in-out timing function, an animation eases in at the start of the keyframe and eases out at the end of the keyframe. A -webkit-animation-timing-function defined within a keyframe block applies to that keyframe; otherwise, the timing function specified for the animation is used.

-webkit-backface-visibility

Determines whether or not a transformed element is visible when it is not facing the screen.

Determines whether or not the back face of a transformed element is visible. The default value is visible .

The element is always visible even when it is not facing the screen.

The element is invisible if it is not facing the screen.

Use this property to specify whether or not an element is visible when it is not facing the screen. For example, if the identity transform is set, an element faces the screen; otherwise, it may face away from the screen. For example, applying a rotation about y of 180 degrees in the absence of any other transforms causes an element to face away from the screen.

This property is useful when you place two elements back to back, as you would do to create a playing card. Without this property, the front and back elements could at times switch places during an animation to flip the card. Another example is creating a box out of six elements whose outside and inside faces can be viewed. This is useful when creating the backdrop for a three-dimensional stage.

-webkit-box-reflect

Defines a reflection of a border box.

The position of the reflection relative to the border box. Can be above , below , left , or right .

The distance of the reflection from the edge of the border box, in length units or as a percentage. The default value is 0 .

Used to overlay the reflection. If omitted, the reflection has no mask.

The reflection appears above the border box.

The reflection appears below the border box.

The reflection appears to the left of the border box.

The reflection appears to the right of the border box.

Reflections will update automatically as the source changes. Specifying a reflection has the effect of creating a stacking context (like opacity, masks, and transforms). The reflection is non-interactive, and as such, it has no effect on hit testing. The reflection has no effect on layout, other than being part of a container’s overflow; it is similar to -webkit-box-shadow in this respect.

-webkit-mask

Defines a variety of mask properties within one declaration.

See -webkit-mask-attachment for details.

See -webkit-mask-clip for details.

See -webkit-mask-origin for details.

See -webkit-mask-image for details.

See -webkit-mask-repeat for details.

See -webkit-mask-composite for details.

As with most composite properties, all arguments are optional.

-webkit-mask-attachment

Defines the scrolling or fixed nature of the image mask.

If fixed , the mask does not move when the page scrolls; if scroll , the image moves when the page scrolls.

-webkit-mask-box-image

Defines an image to be used as a mask for a border box.

The file path of the image.

The uri field contains the URI for the image. The four inset values that follow represent distances from the top, right, bottom, and left edges of the image. If no unit is specified, they represent actual pixels in the original image (assuming a raster image). If a unit (such as px ) is specified, they represent CSS units (which may or may not be the same thing). The values may also be specified as a percentage of the size of the image.

You can specify a repeat style in each direction. These values affect how the top, bottom, left, right, and center portions are altered to fit the required dimensions, and can be any of the following: repeat (tiled), stretch , or round (the round style is like tiling, except that it stretches all nine pieces slightly so that there is no partial tile at the end).

-webkit-mask-clip

Specifies whether the mask should extend into the border of a box.

The clipping behavior of the mask.

-webkit-mask-composite

Sets a compositing style for a mask.

The compositing style of the mask.

The default value is border , which means that the background extends into the border area. Specifying a value of padding limits the background so that it extends only into the padding area enclosed by the border.

-webkit-mask-image

Defines an image to be used as a mask for an element.

-webkit-mask-origin

Determines where the -webkit-mask-position property is anchored.

The origin of the mask position.

The mask’s position is anchored at the upper-left corner of the element’s border.

The mask’s position is anchored at the upper-left corner of the element’s content.

The mask’s position is anchored at the upper-left corner of the element’s padding.

-webkit-mask-position

Defines the position of a mask.

The x-coordinate of the position of the mask.

The y-coordinate of the position of the mask.

Position can be specified in terms of pixels or percentages of the viewport width or using the keywords top , left , center , right , or bottom .

Changes to this property can be animated in Safari 4.0 and later.

-webkit-mask-position-x

Defines the x-coordinate of the position of a mask.

-webkit-mask-position-y

Defines the y-coordinate of the position of a mask.

-webkit-mask-repeat

Defines the repeating qualities of a mask.

The repeating behavior of the mask.

This property controls whether tiling of an element’s mask should occur in the x direction, the y direction, both, or neither.

-webkit-mask-size

Overrides the size of a mask.

The width and height of the mask.

The width of the mask.

The height of the mask.

-webkit-perspective

Gives depth to a scene, causing elements farther away from the viewer to appear smaller.

The distance in pixels from the viewer’s position to the z= 0 plane. The default value is none .

No perspective transform is applied.

The -webkit-perspective property applies the same transform as the perspective(<number>) transform function, except that it applies only to the children of the element, not to the transform on the element itself.

The use of this property with any value other than none establishes a stacking context. It also establishes a containing block (somewhat similar to position:relative ), just as the -webkit-transform property does.

This transform alters the effect of other transforms. In the absence of additional transforms, this transform has no effect.

Available in Safari 4.0.3 and later running on Mac OS X v10.6 and later.

-webkit-perspective-origin

Sets the origin of the -webkit-perspective property described in -webkit-perspective .

The x-origin as a percentage or value.

The y-origin as a percentage or value.

Sets the y-origin to the top of the element’s border box.

Sets the x or y origin to the center of the element’s border box. If this constant appears before left or right , specifies the y-origin. If it appears after top or bottom , specifies the x-origin. If appears alone, centers both the x and y origin.

Sets the y-origin to the bottom of the element’s border box.

Sets the x-origin to the left side of the border box.

Sets the x-origin to the right side of the border box.

This property effectively sets the x and y position at which the viewer appears to be looking at the children of the element. The default value is 50% for both x and y coordinates.

-webkit-transform

Specifies transformations to be applied to an element.

A transform function. Possible values are described in Transform Functions

No transforms are applied.

The -webkit-transform property specifies a list of transformations, separated by whitespace, to be applied to an element, such as rotation, scaling, and so on.

The set of transform functions is similar to those allowed by SVG, although there are additional functions to support 3D transformations. If multiple transforms are applied, the transform is generated by performing a matrix concatenation of each transform in the list.

For example, the following div element is rotated 45 degrees clockwise:

If a list of transforms is provided, the net effect is as if each transform is specified separately in the order provided.

The default value is none (no transforms applied).

Available in Safari 3.1 and later.

-webkit-transform-origin

Sets the origin for the -webkit-transform property.

The x origin as a percentage or value.

The y origin as a percentage or value.

Sets the y origin to the top of the element’s border box.

Sets the x or y origin to the center of the element’s border box. If this constant appears before left or right , specifies the y origin. If this constant appears after top or bottom , specifies the x origin. If it appears alone, centers both the x and y origin.

Sets the y origin to the bottom of the element’s border box.

Sets the x origin to the left side of the border box.

Sets the x origin to the right side of the border box.

The -webkit-transform-origin property establishes the origin for transforms applied to an element with respect to its border box.

The values may be expressed either as a CSS length unit or as a percentage of the element’s size. For example, a value of 50% 50% causes transformations to occur around the element’s center. Changing the origin to 100% 0% causes transformation to occur around the top-right corner of the element. The default value is 50% 50% .

If only one argument is provided, it is interpreted as the horizontal position.

Available in Safari 3.1 and Later.

-webkit-transform-origin-x

The x coordinate of the origin for transforms applied to an element with respect to its border box.

-webkit-transform-origin-y

The y coordinate of the origin for transforms applied to an element with respect to its border box.

-webkit-transform-origin-z

The z coordinate of the origin for transforms applied to an element with respect to its border box.

The z origin as a percentage or value.

-webkit-transform-style

Defines how nested, transformed elements are rendered in 3D space.

The transform style.

Flatten all children of this element into the 2D plane.

Preserve the 3D perspective.

If -webkit-transform-style is flat , all children of this element are rendered flattened into the 2D plane of the element. Therefore, rotating the element about the x or y axes causes children positioned at positive or negative z positions to appear on the element’s plane, rather than in front of or behind it. If -webkit-transform-style is preserve-3d , this flattening is not performed, so children maintain their position in 3D space.

This flattening takes place at each element, so preserving a hierarchy of elements in 3D space requires that each ancestor in the hierarchy have the value preserve-3d for -webkit-transform-style . But -webkit-transform-style affects only an element’s children; the leaf nodes in a hierarchy do not require the preserve-3d style.

The default value is flat .

-webkit-transition

Combines -webkit-transition-delay , -webkit-transition-duration , -webkit-transition-property , and -webkit-transition-timing-function into a single property.

See -webkit-transition-property for details.

See -webkit-transition-duration for details.

See -webkit-transition-timing-function for details.

See -webkit-transition-delay for details.

-webkit-transition-delay

Defines when the transition starts.

The time to begin executing a transition after it is applied. If 0 , the transition executes as soon as the property changes. Otherwise, the value specifies an offset from the moment the property changes, and the transition delays execution by that offset. If the value is negative, the transition executes the moment the property changes but appears to begin at the specified negative offset—that is, begins part-way through the transition. Nonzero values must specify a unit: s for seconds, ms for milliseconds. Negative values are invalid. The default value is 0 .

The transition begins immediately.

-webkit-transition-duration

Defines how long the transition from the old value to the new value should take.

If 0 , the transition is immediate (there is no animation). A negative value is treated as 0 . Nonzero values must specify a unit: s for seconds, ms for milliseconds. Negative values are invalid. The default value is 0 .

-webkit-transition-property

Specifies the name of the CSS property to which the transition is applied.

The name of the transition. You can list multiple properties. Property names should be bare, unquoted names. The default value is all .

No transition specified.

The default transition name.

-webkit-transition-timing-function

Specifies how the intermediate values used during a transition are calculated.

The timing function.

This property allows for a transition to change speed over its duration. These effects, commonly called easing functions, are mathematical functions that produce a smooth curve.

The timing function is specified using a cubic Bezier curve. Use the constants to specify preset points of the curve or the cubic-bezier function to specify your own points. See cubic-bezier for a description of the parameters for this function.

The timing function takes as its input the current elapsed percentage of the transition duration and outputs a percentage that determines how close the transition is to its goal state.

The default value is ease .

Generated Content, Automatic Numbering, and Lists

Embeds an arbitrary batch of content (such as a movie or a specially formatted string) to be embedded alongside a CSS property.

The file path of the content.

A function that procedurally generates an image, such as gradient .

counter-increment

Increments a numerical counter for auto-numbering.

The name of the counter.

The amount by which the counter increments.

This property is commonly used in conjunction with the content property to create section numbers or other auto-numbered containers. For example:

This snippet inserts “Section 1:” at the beginning of the first heading, “Section 2:” at the beginning of the second, and so on.

Important:  You must use the counter-reset property to reset the counter on some element that appears in the DOM tree prior to the first element where you use counter-increment on that counter. Otherwise, this call increments a nonexistent counter and all of your sections will be numbered "Section 1”.

counter-reset

Resets a counter used by the counter-increment property and the counter function.

For an example of this property, see the documentation for counter-increment .

Defines the display style for a list and list elements.

The type of list.

The position of the list marker.

The file path of an image to be used as the list marker.

list-style-image

List-style-position, list-style-type.

Defines an image to use as the opening symbol of a list element.

Defines the position of the marker of a list element.

The position of the marker.

The marker is placed inside the text. Wrapping text appears directly below the marker.

The text of the list item is indented from the marker.

Defines the type of marker of a list element.

The type of marker.

armenian , circle , cjk-ideographic , decimal , decimal-leading-zero , disc , georgian , hebrew , hiragana , hiragana-iroha , katakana , katakana-iroha , lower-alpha , lower-greek , lower-latin , lower-roman , none , square , upper-alpha , upper-latin , upper-roman

Paged Media

Defines the minimum number of lines in a paragraph that must be left at the bottom of a page (before a page break).

The number of lines.

Available in Safari 1.3 and later.

page-break-after

Defines the page break behavior following an element's definition.

The page break behavior.

always , auto , avoid , left , right

Safari 1.2 and later.

page-break-before

Defines the page break behavior before an element's definition.

page-break-inside

Defines the page break behavior within an element.

auto , avoid

Safari 1.3 and later.

Defines the minimum number of lines in a paragraph that must be left at the top of a page (after a page break).

Colors and Backgrounds

Defines a variety of background properties within one declaration.

The background color.

The file path of the background image.

The repeating behavior of the background image.

If fixed , the background image does not move when the page scrolls; if scroll , the image moves when the page scrolls.

The position of the background image.

background-attachment

Defines the scrolling or fixed nature of the page background.

scroll , fixed

background-color

Defines an element’s background color.

background-image

Defines an element’s background image.

background-position

Defines the origin of a background image.

The x-coordinate of the origin of the background image.

The y-coordinate of the origin of the background image.

background-position-x

Defines the x-coordinate of the origin of a background image.

background-position-y

Defines the y-coordinate of the origin of a background image.

background-repeat

Defines the repeating qualities of the background image.

This property controls whether tiling of an element’s background image should occur in the x direction, the y direction, both, or neither.

Defines the color of the text of an element.

The color. Colors can be specified with a constants, an RGB value, or a hexadecimal value.

-webkit-background-clip

Specifies the clipping behavior of the background of a box.

The clipping behavior of the background.

The background clips to the border of the box.

The background clips to the content of the box.

The background clips to the padding of the box.

The background clips to the text of the box.

-webkit-background-composite

Sets a compositing style for background images and colors.

The compositing style of the background.

Under development.

-webkit-background-origin

Determines where the background-position property is anchored.

The origin of the background position.

The background position can be anchored at the upper-left corner of the border, the upper-left corner of the padding area inside the border, or the upper-left corner of the content inside the padding area.

-webkit-background-size

Overrides the size of a background image.

The width and height of the background image.

The width of the background image.

The height of the background image.

Defines a variety of properties for an element’s text font within one declaration.

The style of the font.

The variant of the font.

The weight, or boldness, of the font.

The size of the font.

The distance between lines.

The family of the font.

The user interface style to replicate.

The style of the text of a standard size UI element, such as a button.

The style of the text of a miniature size UI element, such as a button.

The style of the text of a small size UI element, such as a button.

caption , icon , menu , message-box , small-caption , status-bar

In addition to declaring a font style explicitly by characteristics, you can also specify a user interface style using constants such as caption . These constants represent the default font style for the specified user interface element, and as such, their specific values are dependent on the browser, the operating system, and user configuration options.

Using the font property resets all related font properties that are not explicitly specified.

font-family

Defines a list of fonts for element styling or downloadable font definitions.

The font-family property has two different meanings, depending on context.

In the context of an element style, it defines a font to use for text within an element. Because not all computers have the same fonts available, this property to specify multiple acceptable fonts in descending order of preference. In addition, constants such as serif or sans-serif provide generic fallback fonts in case a browser does not have any of the listed fonts available.

In the context of a downloadable font definition, this property provides the name of the font that the font definition describes. In this form, you may specify multiple family names for the font, but generally only a single family name (optionally, specify that it should match against generic font names like serif ).

For more information about downloadable font definitions, see @font-face .

Available in Safari 1.0 and later. Downloadable fonts supported in Safari 3.1 and later.

Defines the font size for the text in an element or in a downloadable font definition.

large , larger , medium , small , smaller , -webkit-xxx-large , x-large , x-small , xx-large , xx-small

Changes to this property can be animated in Safari 4.0 and later. For more information about downloadable font definitions, see @font-face .

Defines the font style for the text in an element or a downloadable font definition.

italic , normal , oblique

font-variant

Defines special font properties for the text in an element or for a downloadable font definition.

normal , small-caps

Available in Safari 1.0 and later. (The value small-caps is not supported.) Downloadable fonts supported in Safari 3.1 and later.

font-weight

Defines the font weight of the text in an element or for a downloadable font definition.

Integers, nonnegative values

100 , 200 , 300 , 400 , 500 , 600 , 700 , 800 , 900 , bold , bolder , lighter , normal

Provides a list of locations for a downloadable font definition.

This property takes a comma-delimited list of font locations which may be locally installed font family names or HTTP URLs.

unicode-range

Describes the unicode characters supported by a downloadable font definition.

The range of supported characters.

The first character in a range of supported characters.

The last character in a range of supported characters.

This property takes a comma-delimited list of Unicode character ranges. There are two supported formats: singleton ranges and pair ranges.

A singleton range is in the form U+xxxx where xxxx is a hexadecimal number. For example, the range U+2150 indicates that Unicode character 0x2150 is supported. Leading zeroes may be omitted, so U+300 is the same as U+0300 . The following snippet shows a singleton range: unicode-range: U+2150;

A singleton range may also contain wildcards in the form of a question-mark character. For example, U+36?? contains two wildcard characters. This range matches any value in which the first two digits are 36 , without regard to the value for the last two digits. The following snippet shows a wildcard range that represents the Unicode characters 0x2160 through 0x216f, inclusive: unicode-range: U+216?;

A pair range is in the form of a hyphen-separated pair of hexadecimal values in the form U+xxxx-yyyy where xxxx and yyyy are hexadecimal numbers. For example, the following pair range represents the Unicode characters from 0x2164 through 0x2156 , inclusive: unicode-range: U+2154-2156;

letter-spacing

Defines the horizontal interletter spacing of characters within the text of an element.

The size of the character spacing.

Defines the alignment for inline content within an element.

The inline content alignment.

Text is aligned to the default alignment.

Text is aligned to the center.

Text is aligned to the left.

Text is aligned to the right.

center , end , justify , left , right , start

text-decoration

Defines special styling for text, such as underlines.

The type of decoration.

line-through , none , overline , underline

text-indent

Defines the amount to indent the first line of text within an element.

The amount to indent.

text-overflow

Controls overflow of non-wrapped text.

clip , ellipsis

This property controls how Safari displays text that exceeds the specified width of the enclosing paragraph if the overflow property is set to hidden and style rules or nowrap tags prevent the text from wrapping (or if a single word is too long to fit by itself).

text-shadow

Defines a variety of properties for an element’s text shadow within one declaration.

Although the CSS specification allows it, multiple shadows are not supported in Safari. Changes to this property can be animated.

text-transform

Defines a capitalization transformation for the text in an element.

The capitalization transformation.

capitalize , lowercase , none , uppercase

white-space

Defines how whitespace characters in an element are handled onscreen.

The policy for displaying whitespace in the element.

normal , nowrap , pre , pre-line , pre-wrap

Specifies the level of strictness when breaking lines of text in ideographic languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.

The level of strictness.

break-all , break-word , normal

word-spacing

Defines the amount of space between words.

The amount of spacing.

Specifies word-splitting behavior for wrapping lines that are too long for the enclosing box and contain no spaces.

The wrapping behavior.

break-word , normal

Available in Safari 2.0 and later.

-webkit-marquee

Defines properties for showing content as though displayed on an electronic marquee sign.

The direction of the marquee.

The distance the marquee moves in each increment

The number of times the marquee repeats.

The style of the marquee’s motion.

The scroll or slide speed of the marquee.

-webkit-marquee-direction

-webkit-marquee-increment, -webkit-marquee-repetition, -webkit-marquee-speed, -webkit-marquee-style.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-marquee in Safari 2.0.)

Available in iOS 1.0.

Specifies the direction of motion for a marquee box.

The marquee moves from bottom to top.

The marquee moves in the default direction.

The marquee moves from right to left.

The marquee moves from left to right.

The marquee moves from top to bottom.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-marquee-direction in Safari 2.0.)

Defines the distance the marquee moves in each increment.

The marquee moves a large amount in each increment.

The marquee moves a medium amount in each increment.

The marquee moves a small amount in each increment.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-marquee-increment in Safari 2.0.)

Specifies the number of times a marquee box repeats (or infinite ).

The marquee repeats infinitely.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-marquee-repetition in Safari 2.0.)

Defines the scroll or slide speed of a marquee box.

The distance term in the speed equation.

The time term in the speed equation.

Integers, time units, nonnegative values

The marquee moves at a fast speed.

The marquee moves at a normal speed.

The marquee moves at a slow speed.

This property can either take one speed parameter ( slow , for example) or a measure of distance and a measure of time separated by a slash ( / ).

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-marquee-speed in Safari 2.0.)

Specifies the style of marquee motion.

The marquee shifts back and forth.

The marquee does not move.

The marquee loops in its specified direction.

The marquee moves in its specified direction, but stops either when the entirety of its content has been displayed or the content reaches the opposite border of its box, whichever comes second.

The values scroll and slide both cause the content to start outside the box and move into the box, but if the value scroll is specified, the content stops moving once the last content is visible. The value alternate causes the content to shift back and forth within the box in the specified direction.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-marquee-style in Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-text-fill-color

Specifies a fill color for text.

The fill color. Colors can be specified with a constant, an RGB value, or a hexadecimal value.

If not specified, the color specified by the color property is used. -webkit-fill-color is commonly used in combination with -webkit-text-stroke . Changes to this property can be animated.

-webkit-text-security

Specifies the shape to use in place of letters in a password input field.

The shape to use in place of letters.

A circle shape.

A disc shape.

No shape is used.

A square shape.

-webkit-text-size-adjust

Specifies a size adjustment for displaying text content in Safari on iOS.

The size at which to display text in Safari on iOS.

The text size is automatically adjusted for Safari on iOS.

The text size is not adjusted.

Apple extension—Safari on iOS only.

-webkit-text-stroke

Specifies the width and color of the outline (stroke) of text.

The width of the stroke.

The color of the stroke.

-webkit-text-stroke-color

-webkit-text-stroke-width.

This property is commonly used in combination with -webkit-text-fill-color .

Specifies the color of the outline (stroke) of text.

If not specified, the color specified by the color property is used. -webkit-text-stroke-color is commonly used in combination with -webkit-text-fill-color . Changes to this property can be animated.

Specifies the width for the text outline.

A medium stroke.

A thick stroke.

A thin stroke.

This property is significant only in combination with -webkit-text-stroke-color .

-webkit-line-break

Specifies line-breaking rules for CJK (Chinese, Japanese, and Korean) text.

The line-breaking setting.

The line breaks after white space.

A standard line-breaking rule.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-line-break in Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-appearance

Changes the appearance of buttons and other controls to resemble native controls.

The appearance of the control.

The indicator that appears in a password field when Caps Lock is active.

Available in iOS 2.0 and later

button , button-bevel , caret , checkbox , default-button , listbox , listitem , media-fullscreen-button , media-mute-button , media-play-button , media-seek-back-button , media-seek-forward-button , media-slider , media-sliderthumb , menulist , menulist-button , menulist-text , menulist-textfield , none , push-button , radio , searchfield , searchfield-cancel-button , searchfield-decoration , searchfield-results-button , searchfield-results-decoration , slider-horizontal , slider-vertical , sliderthumb-horizontal , sliderthumb-vertical , square-button , textarea , textfield

The following constants are unsupported in Safari 4.0:

scrollbarbutton-down , scrollbarbutton-left , scrollbarbutton-right , scrollbarbutton-up , scrollbargripper-horizontal , scrollbargripper-vertical , scrollbarthumb-horizontal , scrollbarthumb-vertical , scrollbartrack-horizontal , scrollbartrack-vertical

-webkit-nbsp-mode

Defines the behavior of nonbreaking spaces within text.

The behavior of nonbreaking spaces.

Nonbreaking spaces are treated as usual.

Nonbreaking spaces are treated like standard spaces.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-nbsp-mode in Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-rtl-ordering

Overrides ordering defaults for right-to-left content.

The order of the content.

Raw content is in mixed order (requiring a bidirectional renderer).

Right-to-left content is encoded in reverse order so an entire line of text can be rendered from left to right in a unidirectional fashion.

The distinction between these two character orders is normally handled automatically as a side effect of character set. This property allows you to override whether the browser should treat the content as being in logical or visual order.

-webkit-user-drag

Specifies that an entire element should be draggable instead of its contents.

The dragging behavior of the element.

The default dragging behavior is used.

The entire element is draggable instead of its contents.

The element cannot be dragged at all.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-user-drag in Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-user-modify

Determines whether a user can edit the content of an element.

The user modification policy.

The content is read-only.

The content can be read and written.

The content can be read and written, but any rich formatting of pasted text is lost.

This is closely related to the contentEditable attribute.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-user-modify in Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-user-select

Determines whether a user can select the content of an element.

The user selection policy.

The user can select content in the element.

The user cannot select any content.

The user can select text in the element.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-user-select in Safari 2.0.)

Available in iOS 3.0 and later.

border-collapse

Defines the model of an element’s border.

collapse , separate

border-spacing

Defines the spacing between an element’s border and the content within.

The size of the spacing.

-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing

-webkit-border-vertical-spacing, caption-side.

Defines the side of a table on which its caption appears.

The side of the table that will have a caption.

bottom , left , right , top

empty-cells

Sets the border behavior for cells with no content.

The behavior for cells with no content.

hide , show

table-layout

Specifies whether to use automatic or fixed table layout.

If auto , layout is determined by all cells in the table; if fixed , layout is determined by the first row of content only.

auto , fixed

Automatic table layout, specified by the value auto , is the default table layout behavior. In this mode, the table layout is calculated based on the contents of every cell in every row of the table.

Fixed table layout, specified by the value fixed , is a faster (but more restrictive) layout behavior. In this layout mode, the layout of the table is calculated based only on the first row of tabular content (not including any heading rows). This mode allows the layout to be calculated much earlier in the page load process and greatly simplifies the calculations, but can cause content in later rows to overflow the table’s boundaries.

Defines the spacing between the horizontal portion of an element’s border and the content within.

The amount of horizontal spacing.

Length units, nonnegative values

Equivalent to the horizontal portion of the border-spacing property. Changes to this property can be animated.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-border-horizontal-spacing in Safari 2.0.)

Defines the spacing between the vertical portion of an element’s border and the content within.

The amount of vertical spacing.

Equivalent to the vertical portion of the border-spacing property. Changes to this property can be animated.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-border-vertical-spacing in Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-column-break-after

Determines whether a column break can and should occur after an element in a multicolumn flow layout.

The column break policy.

A column break is always inserted after the element.

A right column break is inserted after the element where appropriate.

Column breaks are avoided after the element.

A left column break is inserted after the element.

A right column break is inserted after the element.

-webkit-column-break-before

Determines whether a column break can and should occur before an element in a multicolumn flow layout.

A column break is always inserted before the element.

A right column break is inserted before the element where appropriate.

Column breaks are avoided before the element.

A left column break is inserted before the element.

A right column break is inserted before the element.

-webkit-column-break-inside

Determines whether a column break should be avoided within the bounds of an element in a multicolumn flow layout.

A right column break is inserted within the element where appropriate.

Column breaks are avoided within the element.

-webkit-column-count

Specifies the number of columns desired in a multicolumn flow.

The number of columns in the multicolumn flow.

The element has one column.

-webkit-column-gap

Specifies the space between columns in a multicolumn flow.

The width of the gap.

Columns in the element have the normal gap width between them.

-webkit-column-rule

Specifies the color, style, and width of the column rule.

The width of the column rule.

The style of the column rule.

The color of the column rule.

-webkit-column-rule-color

-webkit-column-rule-style, -webkit-column-rule-width.

The column rule appears in the middle of the column gap in a multicolumn flow layout.

Specifies the color of the column rule.

Specifies the style of the column rule.

The column rule has a dashed line style.

The column rule has a dotted line style.

The column rule has a double solid line style.

The column rule has a grooved style.

The column rule is hidden.

The column rule has an inset style.

The column rule has no style.

The column rule has an outset style.

The column rule has a ridged style.

The column rule has a solid line style.

Specifies the width of the column rule.

The column rule has a medium width.

The column rule has a thick width.

The column rule has a thin width.

-webkit-column-width

Specifies the width of the column in a multicolumn flow.

The width of the column.

Columns in the element are of normal width.

-webkit-columns

A composite property that specifies the width and number of columns in a multicolumn flow layout.

The width of each column.

The number of columns.

User Interface

Defines the cursor to display onscreen when the pointer is over an element.

The type of cursor.

An open hand cursor indicating the element can be grabbed.

A closed hand cursor indicating the element has been grabbed.

A zoom-in cursor.

A zoom-out cursor.

alias , all-scroll , auto , cell , col-resize , context-menu , copy , crosshair , default , e-resize , ew-resize , hand , help , move , n-resize , ne-resize , nesw-resize , no-drop , none , not-allowed , ns-resize , nw-resize , nwse-resize , pointer , progress , row-resize , s-resize , se-resize , sw-resize , text , vertical-text , w-resize , wait

Although the CSS specification allows it, Safari does not support custom cursors.

Available in Safari 1.2 and later.

Defines a variety of properties for an element’s outline (drawn outside the element’s border) within one declaration.

The color of the outline.

The style of the outline.

The width of the outline.

outline-color

Outline-style, outline-width.

Defines the color of an element’s outline.

outline-offset

Defines the offset of an element’s outline from its border.

The size of the offset.

Defines the style of an element’s outline.

Defines the width of an element's outline.

pointer-events

Defines the parts of an element that responds to pointer events, such as a click, mouse over, or hover.

The parts of the element that respond to pointer events.

The entire element responds to pointer events.

The element does not respond to pointer events.

Providing a value of none does not disable the Inspect Element option that appears when the element is Control-clicked, however the option may return the wrong element.

-webkit-box-align

Specifies the alignment of nested elements within an outer flexible box element.

The alignment of nested elements.

Elements are aligned with the baseline of the box.

Elements are aligned with the center of the box.

Elements are aligned with the end of the box.

Elements are aligned with the start of the box.

Elements are stretched to fill the box.

This property specifies the horizontal alignment if the box direction is vertical, and vice versa. This property applies only to flexible box layouts. For more information about flexible boxes, see http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-layout/ .

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-box-align in Safari 1.1 through Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-box-direction

Specifies the direction in which child elements of a flexible box element are laid out.

The layout direction.

Elements are laid out in the default direction.

Elements are laid out in the reverse direction.

This applies only to flexible box layouts. For more information about flexible boxes, see http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-layout/ .

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-box-direction in Safari 1.1 through Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-box-flex

Specifies an element’s flexibility.

The flexibility of the element.

Flexible elements can stretch or shrink to fit the size of the bounding box of their parent element. The amount of stretching or shrinkage of an element is determined by its flex value relative to the flex values of other elements within the same parent element.

This property applies only to flexible box layouts. For more information about flexible boxes, see http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-layout/ .

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-box-flex in Safari 1.1 through Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-box-flex-group

Specifies groups of dynamically resizing elements that are adjusted to be the same size.

The group number of the flexible element.

During size adjustment of flex boxes, any boxes with the same group number are adjusted to be the same size.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-box-flex-group in Safari 1.1 through Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-box-lines

Specifies whether a flexible box should contain multiple lines of content.

If multiple , the flexible box can contain multiple lines of content; if single , only one line is allowed.

The box can contain multiple lines of content.

The box can contain only one line of content.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-box-lines in Safari 1.1 through Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-box-ordinal-group

Specifies a rough ordering of elements in a flexible box.

The ordinal group number of the element.

Elements with lower ordinal group values are displayed first.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-box-ordinal-group in Safari 1.1 through Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-box-orient

Specifies the layout of elements nested within a flexible box element.

The orientation of elements nested in the flexible box.

Elements are oriented along the box’s axis.

Elements are oriented horizontally.

Elements are oriented along the inline axis.

Elements are oriented vertically.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-box-orient in Safari 1.1 through Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-box-pack

Specifies alignment of child elements within the current element in the direction of orientation.

The alignment of child elements.

Child elements are aligned to the center of the element.

Child elements are aligned to the end of the element.

Child elements are justified with both the start and end of the element.

Child elements are aligned to the start of the element.

For elements whose children are aligned horizontally, a packing value of start indicates left alignment with extra space towards the right side, a value of end indicates right alignment with extra space to the left, a value of center indicates center alignment with extra space split evenly on either side, and a value of justify indicates that the outer elements should be aligned on the left and right, with space added evenly between the elements.

Similarly, for elements whose children are aligned vertically, a value of start indicates that the elements should be aligned to the top, a value of end indicates that the elements should be aligned to the bottom, and so on.

This property is similar to -webkit-box-align , which specifies alignment in the opposite direction from the direction of orientation.

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -khtml-box-pack in Safari 1.1 through Safari 2.0.)

-webkit-dashboard-region

Specifies the behavior of regions in a Dashboard widget.

No behavior is specified.

This property is described in more detail in Declaring Control Regions in Dashboard Programming Topics .

Available in Safari 3.0 and later. (Called -apple-dashboard-region in Safari 2.0.)

Apple extension—Dashboard only.

-webkit-overflow-scrolling

Specifies whether to use native-style scrolling in an overflow:scroll element.

The style of scrolling.

One finger scrolling without momentum.

Native-style scrolling. Specifying this style has the effect of creating a stacking context (like opacity, masks, and transforms).

The default value is auto .

-webkit-tap-highlight-color

Overrides the highlight color shown when the user taps a link or a JavaScript clickable element in Safari on iOS.

The tapped link color.

This property obeys the alpha value, if specified. If you don’t specify an alpha value, Safari on iOS applies a default alpha value to the color. To disable tap highlighting, set the alpha value to 0 (invisible). If you set the alpha value to 1.0 (opaque), the element is not visible when tapped.

Available in iOS 1.1.1 and later.

-webkit-touch-callout

Disables the default callout shown when you touch and hold a touch target.

The touch callout behavior.

On iOS, when you touch and hold a touch target such as a link, Safari displays a callout containing information about the link. This property allows you to disable that callout.

The current allowable values are none and inherit .

Additional Unsupported Properties

WebKit provides partial support for a number of properties that are not supported for developer use. This list may include:

Properties designed for Apple internal use, such as properties specific to the way Mail and other applications use WebKit.

Properties that are in a very early stage of development and are not really usable yet.

Properties that are used within WebKit itself and cannot be parsed in a CSS file.

Properties that are parsed for historical reasons, but that are not actually used.

Because these properties are unsupported, they are not documented in detail. However, they are listed here so that if you find them in the source code, in test cases, and so on, you will be able to determine their status.

WebKit-Specific Unsupported Properties

-webkit-border-fit

-webkit-font-size-delta

-webkit-highlight

-webkit-line-clamp

-webkit-match-nearest-mail-blockquote-color

-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect

-webkit-transition-repeat-count

Unsupported Properties from the CSS Specification

font-size-adjust —Describes the font aspect ratio to preserve proportionality in the event of font substitution. Unsupported CSS 2 property; removed in CSS 2.1; reintroduced in CSS 3.

font-stretch —Selects a normal, condensed, or extended variant of a font in an element or describes availability of these variants in a font definition. Declared in CSS 2.1/CSS 3.

marker-offset —Sets the offset of a marker (a bullet in a bulleted list, for example). Unsupported CSS 2 property; removed in CSS 2.1.

marks —Sets what type of crop marks to use on paged media. Unsupported CSS 2 property; removed in CSS 2.1.

page —Used for named page support. Unsupported CSS 2 property; removed in CSS 2.1.

quotes —Sets the quotation mark characters used for nested <q> tags.

size —Sets page dimensions for paged media. Unsupported CSS 2 property; removed in CSS 2.1.

speak-header —Sets whether a browser should speak the contents of the corresponding table heading cell before speaking the contents of each cell. Unsupported CSS 2 aural media property. Aural media deprecated in CSS 2.1. Property reintroduced in CSS 3

text-line-through —Composite property describing overstrike color, style, and mode. Declared in CSS 3.

text-line-through-color —Describes color for overstrike. Declared in CSS 3.

text-line-through-mode —Describes the mode for overstrike. Declared in CSS 3.

text-line-through-style —Describes the style for overstrike. Declared in CSS 3.

text-line-through-width —Describes the width for overstrike. Declared in CSS 3.

text-overline —Composite property describing overline color, style, mode, and width(like underline, but above the text). Declared in CSS 3.

text-overline-color —Describes the color of overline (like underline, but above the text). Declared in CSS 3.

text-overline-mode —Describes the mode of overline (like underline, but above the text). Declared in CSS 3.

text-overline-style —Describes the style of overline (like underline, but above the text). Declared in CSS 3.

text-overline-width —Describes the width of overline (like underline, but above the text). Declared in CSS 3.

text-underline —Composite property describing underline color, style, mode, and width. Declared in CSS 3.

text-underline-color —Describes the color of underline. Declared in CSS 3.

text-underline-mode —Describes the mode of underline. Declared in CSS 3.

text-underline-style —Describes the style of underline. Declared in CSS 3.

text-underline-width —Describes the width of underline. Declared in CSS 3.

Unsupported Properties Specific to Other Browsers

scrollbar-3dlight-color —Microsoft Internet Explorer property.

scrollbar-arrow-color —Microsoft Internet Explorer property.

scrollbar-darkshadow-color —Microsoft Internet Explorer property.

scrollbar-face-color —Microsoft Internet Explorer property.

scrollbar-highlight-color —Microsoft Internet Explorer property.

scrollbar-shadow-color —Microsoft Internet Explorer property.

scrollbar-track-color —Microsoft Internet Explorer property.

Copyright © 2016 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Updated: 2016-10-27

Sending feedback…

We’re sorry, an error has occurred..

Please try submitting your feedback later.

Thank you for providing feedback!

Your input helps improve our developer documentation.

How helpful is this document?

How can we improve this document.

* Required information

To submit a product bug or enhancement request, please visit the Bug Reporter page.

Please read Apple's Unsolicited Idea Submission Policy before you send us your feedback.

Custom Select Styles with Pure CSS

Posted on : Aug 15, 2020 Written by Stephanie Eckles

Modern CSS gives us a range of properties to achieve custom select styles that have a near-identical initial appearance for single, multiple, and disabled select elements across the top browsers.

A few properties and techniques our solution will use:

• clip-path to create the custom dropdown arrow
• CSS grid layout to align the native select and arrow
• custom CSS variables for flexible styling
• em units for relative sizing

Now available : my egghead video course Accessible Cross-Browser CSS Form Styling . You'll learn to take the techniques described in this tutorial to the next level by creating a themable form design system to extend across your projects.

Common Issues with Native Selects

As with all form field types, <select> varies across browsers in its initial appearance.

From left to right, here is the initial appearance for <select> in Firefox, Chrome, and Safari:

The differences include box size, font-size, line-height, and most standout is the difference in how the dropdown indicator is styled.

Our goal is to create the same initial appearance across these browsers, inclusive of multiple selects, and disabled states.

Note: The dropdown list is still not stylable, so once the <select> is opened, it will still pick up the individual browser's styles for the option list. This is ok - we can deal with that to retain the free accessibility of a native select!

We'll focus on a single <select> to begin.

The label is not part of our styling exercise, but its included as a general requirement, notably with the for attribute having the value of the id on the <select> .

To accomplish our custom styles, we've wrapped the native select in an extra div with class of select for simplicity in this tutorial.

Reset and Remove Inherited Styles

As is included in all my tutorials as a modern best practice, we add the following reset first:

Following that, we can begin the rule for the native select and apply the following to rest its appearance:

While most of those are likely familiar, the oddball out is appearance . This is an infrequently used property and you'll note that it is not quite where we'd like it for support , but what it's primarily providing for us in this instance is the removal of the native browser dropdown arrow.

Note: The CodePen is set up to use autoprefixer which will add required pre-fixed versions of the appearance property. You may need to specifically set this up for your project, or manually add them. My HTML / Sass Jumpstart includes autoprefixer as part of the production build.

The good news is, we can add one more rule to gain removal of the arrow for lower IE versions if you need it:

This tip found in the excellent article from Filament Group that shows an alternate method to create select styles .

The last part is to remove the default outline . Don't worry - we'll add a replacement later on for the :focus state!

And here's a gif of our progress. You can see there is now zero visual indication that this is a select prior to clicking on it:

Custom Select Box Styles

First, let's set up some CSS variables. This will allow our select to be flexibly re-colored such as to represent an error state.

Accessibility note : As a user interface element, the select border must have a 3:1 contrast or greater against the surrounding surface color.

Now it's time to create the custom select styles which we will apply to the our wrapping div.select :

First, we set up some width constraints. The min-width and max-width values are mostly for this demo, and you may choose to drop or alter it for your use case.

Then we apply some box model properties, including border , border-radius , and padding . Note the use of the em unit which will keep these properties proportional to the set font-size .

In the reset styles, we set several properties to inherit , so here we define those, including font-size , cursor , and line-height .

Finally, we supply it background properties, including a gradient for the slightest bit of dimension. If you remove the background properties, the select will be transparent and pick up the page background. This may be desirable, however, be aware and test the effects on contrast.

Join my newsletter for article updates, CSS tips, and front-end resources!

Don’t fill this out if you're human:

Custom Select Dropdown Arrow

For our dropdown arrow, we are going to use one of the most exciting modern CSS properties: clip-path .

Clip paths let us make all kind of shapes by "clipping" the otherwise square and rectangle shapes we receive as defaults from most elements. I had fun using clip-path on my recent portfolio site redesign .

Prior to clip-path having better support, alternative methods included:

• background-image - typically a png, slightly more modern would be an SVG
• an inline SVG as an additional element
• the border trick to create a triangle

SVG may feel like the optimal solution, however when used as a background-image it loses the ability to act like an icon in the sense of not being able to alter its properties such as fill color without redefining it entirely. This means we cannot use our CSS custom variable.

Placing an SVG inline solves the fill color issue, however it means including one more element every time a <select> is defined.

With clip-path , we get a crisp, scalable arrow "graphic" that feels like an SVG but with the benefits of being able to use our custom variable and being contained in the style vs. the HTML markup.

To create the arrow, we will define it as an ::after pseudo-element.

The clip-path syntax is a little strange, and since it's not really the focus of this article, I recommend the following resources:

• Colby Fayock explans the syntax with an example in this egghead video
• Clippy is an online tool that allows you to select a shape and adjust the points while dynamically generating the clip-path CSS

If you're following along, you may have noticed the arrow is not appearing despite defining width and height . When inspected, its found that the ::after is not actually being allowed it's width.

We will resolve this by updating our .select to use CSS grid layout.

This lets the arrow appear by essentially extending it a display value akin to "block".

At this stage we can verify that we have indeed created a triangle.

To fix the alignment, we'll use my favorite CSS grid hack (old hat to you if you've read a few articles around here!).

Old CSS solution: position: absolute New CSS solution: A single grid-template-areas to contain them all

First we'll define our area, then define that the select and the ::after both use it. The name is scoped to the element its created for, and we'll keep it easy by calling it "select":

Which gives us an overlap of the arrow above the native select due to stacking context via source order:

We can now use grid properties to finalize the alignment of each element:

:focus State

Oh yeah - remember how we removed the outline ? We need to resolve the missing :focus state from dropping that.

There is an upcoming property we could use called :focus-within but it's still best to include a polyfill for it at this time.

For this tutorial, we'll use an alternate method that achieves the same result, just a bit heftier.

Unfortunately, this means we need to add one more element into the DOM.

After the native select element, as the last child within .select , add:

Why after? Because since this is a pure CSS solution, placing it after the native select means we can alter it when the select is focused by use of the adjacent sibling selector - + .

This allows us to create the following rule:

You may be wondering why we're back to position: absolute after just learning the previous grid-area hack.

The reason is to avoid recalculating adjustments based on padding. If you try it on your own, you'll see that even setting width and height to 100% still makes it sit within the padding.

The job position: absolute does best is matching the size of an element. We're pulling it an extra pixel in each direction to make sure it overlaps the border property.

But, we need to make one more addition to .select to ensure that it's relative to our select by - well, position: relative .

And here's our custom select all together as seen in Chrome:

Multiple Select

Selects come in a second flavor, which allows a user to select more than one option. From the HTML perspective, this simply means add the multiple attribute, but we'll also add a class to help create style adjustments called select--multiple :

And looking at it, we can see it's inherited most of our styles favorably, except we don't need the arrow in this view.

This is a quick fix to adjust our selector that defines the arrow. We use :not() to exclude our newly defined class:

We have a couple of minor adjustments to make for the multiple select, the first is removing padding that was previously added to make room for the arrow:

By default, options with a long value will overflow visible area and be clipped, but I found that the main browsers allow the wrapping to be overridden if you desire:

Optionally, we can set a height on the select to bring a bit more reliable cross-browser behavior. Through testing this, I learned that Chrome and Firefox will show a partial option, but Safari will completely hide an option that is not able to be fully in view.

The height must be set directly on the native select. Given our other styles, the value 6rem will be able to show 3 options:

At this point, due to current browser support, we have made as much adjustments as we are able.

The :selected state of the options is fairly customizable in Chrome, somewhat in Firefox, and not at all in Safari. See the CodePen demo for a section that can be uncommented to preview this.

:disabled Styles

While I would advocate for simply not showing disabled controls, we should prepare the styles for that state just to cover our bases.

To emphasis the disabled state, we want to apply a greyed background. But since we've set background styles on .select and there isn't a :parent selector, we need to create one last class to handle for this state:

Here we've updated the cursor as an extra hint that the field cannot be interacted with, and updated the background values we previously set to be white to now be more grey for the disabled state.

This results in the following appearances:

You can test it for yourself, but here's a preview of the full solution across (from left) the Firefox, Chrome, and Safari:

• Animated Text Generator
• Animation / Keyframe Generator
• Border Radius Generator
• Box Shadow Generator
• Button Generator
• Checkbox / Radio Generator
• Clip Path Generator
• Column Generator
• Cubic Bezier Generator
• Flip Swith Generator
• Flexbox Generator
• Glitch Text Effect
• Google Fonts CSS
• Gradient Generator
• Grid Generator
• Image Filter Generator
• Input Range Generator
• Layout Generator
• Loader / Spinner Generator
• Menu Generator
• Pattern Generator
• RGBA Generator
• Ribbon Generator
• Ribbon Banner Generator
• Scrollbar Generator
• Select Dropdown Generator
• Sprite Generator
• Text Gradient Generator
• Text Input Generator
• Text Rotate Generator
• Text Shadow Generator
• Tooltip Generator
• Triangle Generator
• 3D Transform Generator
• CSS At Rules
• CSS Animations
• CSS Color Names
• CSS Data Types
• CSS Functions
• CSS Preloaders
• CSS Properties
• CSS Pseudo Classes
• CSS Selectors
• LESS to CSS Compiler
• SCSS to CSS Compiler
• Stylus to CSS Compiler
• CSS to LESS Converter
• CSS to SCSS Converter
• CSS to Stylus Converter
• CSS Color Converter
• CSS Cursor Viewer
• CSS Font Preview
• CSS Code Formatter
• CSS Lengths
• CSS Code Optimizer
• CSS Validator
• CSS Visual Style Editor
• Convert Image to Data
• Online CSS Editor
• HTML to Pug Converter
• HTML to Markdown Converter
• Pug to HTML Compiler
• Markdown to HTML Compiler
• HTML Beautifier / Minifier
• HTML Character Codes
• HTML Colors
• HTML Entity Encoder / Decoder
• HTML Online Editor
• HTML Table Generator
• HTML Tutorial
• HTML Attributes
• HTML Event Attributes
• HTML Global Attributes
• HTTP Status Codes
• HTML Validator
• @counter-style
• @font-feature-values
• @font-palette-values
• <absolute-size>
• <alpha-value>
• <angle>
• <angle-percentage>
• <basic-shape>
• <blend-mode>
• <color>
• <filter-function>
• <flex>
• <frequency>
• <gradient>
• <image>
• <integer>
• <length>
• <number>
• <percentage>
• <position>
• <ratio>
• <resolution>
• <string>
• <time>
• <url>
• brightness()
• drop-shadow()
• grayscale()
• hue-rotate()
• conic-gradient()
• linear-gradient()
• radial-gradient()
• repeating-conic-gradient()
• repeating-linear-gradient()
• repeating-radial-gradient()
• perspective()
• translate()
• translate3d()
• translateX()
• translateY()
• translateZ()
• accent-color
• align-content
• align-items
• animation-composition
• animation-delay
• animation-direction
• animation-duration
• animation-fill-mode
• animation-iteration-count
• animation-name
• animation-play-state
• animation-timing-function
• aspect-ratio
• backdrop-filter
• backface-visibility
• background-attachment
• background-blend-mode
• background-clip
• background-color
• background-image
• background-origin
• background-position
• background-position-x
• background-position-y
• background-repeat
• background-size
• border-block
• border-block-color
• border-block-end
• border-block-end-color
• border-block-end-style
• border-block-end-width
• border-block-start
• border-block-start-color
• border-block-start-style
• border-block-start-width
• border-block-style
• border-block-width
• border-bottom
• border-bottom-color
• border-bottom-left-radius
• border-bottom-right-radius
• border-bottom-style
• border-bottom-width
• border-collapse
• border-color
• border-end-end-radius
• border-end-start-radius
• border-image
• border-image-outset
• border-image-repeat
• border-image-slice
• border-image-source
• border-image-width
• border-inline
• border-inline-color
• border-inline-end
• border-inline-end-color
• border-inline-end-style
• border-inline-end-width
• border-inline-start
• border-inline-start-color
• border-inline-start-style
• border-inline-start-width
• border-inline-style
• border-inline-width
• border-left
• border-left-color
• border-left-style
• border-left-width
• border-radius
• border-right
• border-right-color
• border-right-style
• border-right-width
• border-spacing
• border-start-end-radius
• border-start-start-radius
• border-style
• border-top-color
• border-top-left-radius
• border-top-right-radius
• border-top-style
• border-top-width
• border-width
• box-decoration-break
• break-after
• break-before
• break-inside
• caption-side
• caret-color
• color-scheme
• column-count
• column-fill
• column-rule
• column-rule-color
• column-rule-style
• column-rule-width
• column-span
• column-width
• contain-intrinsic-block-size
• contain-intrinsic-height
• contain-intrinsic-inline-size
• contain-intrinsic-size
• contain-intrinsic-width
• container-name
• container-type
• counter-increment
• counter-reset
• counter-set
• empty-cells
• flex-direction
• flex-shrink
• font-family
• font-feature-settings
• font-kerning
• font-language-override
• font-optical-sizing
• font-palette
• font-size-adjust
• font-stretch
• font-synthesis
• font-synthesis-small-caps
• font-synthesis-style
• font-synthesis-weight
• font-variant
• font-variant-alternates
• font-variant-caps
• font-variant-east-asian
• font-variant-emoji
• font-variant-ligatures
• font-variant-numeric
• font-variant-position
• font-variation-settings
• font-weight
• forced-color-adjust
• grid-auto-columns
• grid-auto-flow
• grid-auto-rows
• grid-column
• grid-column-end
• grid-column-start
• grid-row-end
• grid-row-start
• grid-template
• grid-template-areas
• grid-template-columns
• grid-template-rows
• hanging-punctuation
• hyphenate-character
• hyphenate-limit-chars
• image-orientation
• image-rendering
• inline-size
• inset-block
• inset-block-end
• inset-block-start
• inset-inline
• inset-inline-end
• inset-inline-start
• justify-content
• justify-items
• justify-self
• letter-spacing
• line-height
• list-style-image
• list-style-position
• list-style-type
• margin-block
• margin-block-end
• margin-block-start
• margin-bottom
• margin-inline
• margin-inline-end
• margin-inline-start
• margin-left
• margin-right
• max-block-size
• max-inline-size
• min-block-size
• min-inline-size
• mix-blend-mode
• object-position
• offset-anchor
• offset-distance
• offset-path
• offset-position
• offset-rotate
• outline-color
• outline-offset
• outline-style
• outline-width
• overflow-anchor
• overflow-block
• overflow-clip-margin
• overflow-inline
• overflow-wrap
• overscroll-behavior
• overscroll-behavior-block
• overscroll-behavior-inline
• overscroll-behavior-x
• overscroll-behavior-y
• padding-block
• padding-block-end
• padding-block-start
• padding-bottom
• padding-inline
• padding-inline-end
• padding-inline-start
• padding-left
• padding-right
• padding-top
• paint-order
• perspective
• perspective-origin
• place-content
• place-items
• pointer-events
• print-color-adjust
• ruby-position
• scroll-behavior
• scroll-margin
• scroll-margin-block
• scroll-margin-block-end
• scroll-margin-block-start
• scroll-margin-bottom
• scroll-margin-inline
• scroll-margin-inline-end
• scroll-margin-inline-start
• scroll-margin-left
• scroll-margin-right
• scroll-margin-top
• scroll-padding
• scroll-padding-block
• scroll-padding-block-end
• scroll-padding-block-start
• scroll-padding-inline
• scroll-padding-inline-end
• scroll-padding-inline-start
• scroll-snap-align
• scroll-snap-stop
• scroll-snap-type
• scrollbar-color
• scrollbar-gutter
• scrollbar-width
• shape-image-threshold
• shape-margin
• shape-outside
• table-layout
• text-align-last
• text-combine-upright
• text-decoration
• text-decoration-color
• text-decoration-line
• text-decoration-skip-ink
• text-decoration-style
• text-decoration-thickness
• text-emphasis
• text-emphasis-color
• text-emphasis-position
• text-emphasis-style
• text-indent
• text-justify
• text-orientation
• text-overflow
• text-rendering
• text-shadow
• text-transform
• text-underline-offset
• text-underline-position
• touch-action
• transform-box
• transform-origin
• transform-style
• transition-delay
• transition-duration
• transition-property
• transition-timing-function
• unicode-bidi
• user-select
• vertical-align
• white-space
• will-change
• word-spacing
• writing-mode
• :first-child
• :first-of-type
• :focus-visible
• :focus-within
• :fullscreen
• :host-context()
• :indeterminate
• :last-child
• :last-of-type
• :nth-last-child
• :nth-last-of-type
• :nth-of-type
• :only-child
• :only-of-type
• :out-of-range
• :placeholder-shown
• :read-write
• ::file-selector-button
• ::first-letter
• ::first-line
• ::placeholder
• ::selection
• ::slotted()
• accept-charset
• autocomplete
• crossorigin
• formenctype
• formnovalidate
• placeholder
• onafterprint
• onbeforeprint
• onbeforeunload
• oncanplaythrough
• oncontextmenu
• ondragenter
• ondragleave
• ondragstart
• ondurationchange
• onhaschange
• onloadeddata
• onloadedmetadata
• onloadstart
• onmousedown
• onmousemove
• onmouseover
• onmousewheel
• onratechange
• onreadystatechange
• ontimeupdate
• ontouchcancel
• ontouchmove
• ontouchstart
• onvolumechange
• contenteditable
• <abbr>
• <address>
• <area>
• <article>
• <aside>
• <audio>
• <base>
• <bdi>
• <bdo>
• <blockquote>
• <body>
• <button>
• <canvas>
• <caption>
• <cite>
• <code>
• <col>
• <colgroup>
• <comment>
• <data>
• <datalist>
• <del>
• <details>
• <dfn>
• <dialog>
• <div>
• <doctype>
• <embed>
• <fieldset>
• <figcaption>
• <figure>
• <footer>
• <form>
• <head>
• <header>
• <html>
• <iframe>
• <img>
• <input>
• <ins>
• <kbd>
• <label>
• <legend>
• <link>
• <main>
• <map>
• <mark>
• <menu>
• <meta>
• <meter>
• <nav>
• <noscript>
• <object>
• <optgroup>
• <option>
• <output>
• <picture>
• <pre>
• <progress>
• <ruby>
• <samp>
• <script>
• <section>
• <select>
• <slot>
• <small>
• <source>
• <span>
• <strong>
• <style>
• <sub>
• <summary>
• <sup>
• <table>
• <tbody>
• <template>
• <textarea>
• <tfoot>
• <thead>
• <title>
• <track>
• <var>
• <video>
• <wbr>
• 100 Continue
• 101 Switching Protocols
• 103 Early Hints
• 201 Created
• 202 Accepted
• 203 Non-Authoritative Information
• 204 No Content
• 205 Reset Content
• 206 Partial Content
• 300 Multiple Choices
• 301 Moved Permanently
• 303 See Other
• 304 Not Modified
• 307 Temporary Redirect
• 308 Permanent Redirect
• 400 Bad Request
• 401 Unauthorized
• 402 Payment Required
• 403 Forbidden
• 404 Not Found
• 405 Method Not Allowed
• 406 Not Acceptable
• 407 Proxy Authentication Required
• 408 Request Timeout
• 409 Conflict
• 411 Length Required
• 412 Precondition Failed
• 413 Content Too Large
• 414 URI Too Long
• 415 Unsupported Media Type
• 416 Range Not Satisfiable
• 417 Expectation Failed
• 421 Misdirected Request
• 422 Unprocessable Content
• 424 Failed Dependency
• 426 Upgrade Required
• 428 Precondition Required
• 429 Too Many Requests
• 431 Request Header Fields Too Large
• 451 Unavailable For Legal Reasons
• 500 Internal Server Error
• 501 Not Implemented
• 502 Bad Gateway
• 503 Service Unavailable
• 504 Gateway Timeout
• 505 HTTP Version Not Supported
• 507 Insufficient Storage
• 508 Loop Detected
• 510 Not Extended
• 511 Network Authentication Required

If you would like to support CSSPortal, please consider making a small donation.

CSS user-select Property

Description.

The user-select CSS property controls whether the user can select text. It can be used to disable text selection on certain elements of a web page, such as headings, images, or buttons. This can be useful for preventing users from accidentally highlighting or copying text that is not meant to be interactive.

Interactive Demo

User select demo.

This text is always selectable

This text is not always selectable depending

• none Text cannot be selected by the user.
• auto The default value. Text can be selected by the user.
• text Text can be selected by the user, but only within the element.
• all Text can be selected by the user, including text within other elements.
• contain Text can be selected by the user, but only within the element and its descendants.

Browser Support

The following table will show you the current browser support for the CSS user-select property.

Last updated by CSSPortal on: 2nd January 2024

Share this Page

If you have found this page helpful, please consider sharing with other users, just click on your preferred social media link or copy the webpage from the link below.

Your favorites are stored in your browsers cache. If you clear your browsing data, your favorites will be deleted also.

• / properties
• / user-select

user-select

The user-select property specifies how users can select text within an element. It offers options such as disabling text selection or permitting the selection of an entire element. Moreover, it finds usage in improving the user experience by optimizing the text selection process according to the content or design elements being used.

Examples and Usage

In the example below, the first paragraph has default text selection behavior, the second paragraph restricts text selection, and the third one enables the selection of the entire text content with a single click.

Note: The property has quirks in its behavior, and relies on vendor prefixes depending on the browser being used. More information on the specifics can be found in the sections below.

The user-select property accepts the following values:

Associated Properties

• ::selection pseudo-element

Tips and Tricks

Use user-select: none; for elements where text selection isn't necessary, like buttons or icons.

To achieve the same effect, you can place text within the content: ''; property of a ::before or ::after CSS pseudo-element.

Keep in mind that preventing text selection may impact the user experience for certain users, such as those using assistive technologies.

Browser Compatibility

Note: Specific information on prefix support can be found in the first link of the Useful Resources

• Useful Resources

Can I use - user-select

W3C Working Draft - user-select

Chrome Status on Prefix Support

On this page

user-select

The user-select CSS property controls whether the user can select text. This doesn't have any effect on content loaded as part of a browser's user interface (its chrome ), except in textboxes.

Note: user-select is not an inherited property, though the initial auto value makes it behave like it is inherited most of the time. WebKit/Chromium-based browsers do implement the property as inherited, which violates the behavior described in the spec, and this will bring some issues. Until now, Chromium has chosen to fix the issues to make the final behavior meet the specifications.

The text of the element and its sub-elements is not selectable. Note that the Selection object can contain these elements.

The used value of auto is determined as follows:

• On the ::before and ::after pseudo elements, the used value is none
• If the element is an editable element, the used value is contain
• Otherwise, if the used value of user-select on the parent of this element is all , the used value is all
• Otherwise, if the used value of user-select on the parent of this element is none , the used value is none
• Otherwise, the used value is text

The text can be selected by the user.

The content of the element shall be selected atomically: If a selection would contain part of the element, then the selection must contain the entire element including all its descendants. If a double-click or context-click occurred in sub-elements, the highest ancestor with this value will be selected.

Enables selection to start within the element; however, the selection will be contained by the bounds of that element.

Note: CSS UI 4 renames user-select: element to contain .

Formal definition

Formal syntax.

Note: -webkit-user-select: all; doesn't work in Safari; use only "none" or "text", or else it will allow typing in the <html> container. See the browser compatibility table for up-to-date information.

Specifications

Browser compatibility.

• Polyfill for user-select: contain
• ::selection pseudo-element
• The JavaScript Selection object

© 2005–2023 MDN contributors. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License v2.5 or later. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/user-select

• Jobs Find Jobs Post a Job
• Companies Find Companies    List your Company   

• Learning Tutorials    Articles

•  SQL 
•  .NET 
•  HTML 
•  CSS 
•  JavaScript 

Select tutorial

• CSS user-select

The user-select property sets whether text can be selected.

This setting has no effect on the appearance of the element.

Users commonly select and highlight text. Text that prevents this feels 'dead'.

The text below cannot be selected or highlighted.

• More Examples

Click the buttons to see the different user-select values. Notice that with all the entire line is selected with a single click.

auto none text all

• Browser support

This table shows when user-select support started for each browser.

• You may also like

• Our CSS cursor Property Reference
• Our CSS Text Tutorial
• Our HTML Reference Guide

• CSS Tutorial
• CSS Selectors
• CSS Borders
• CSS Animation
• CSS Comments

• Web Development

How to Fix Issues With CSS "user-select: none" Not Working?

• Daniyal Hamid
• 21 Dec, 2022

If in CSS, " user-select: none " is not working for you, then you could try the following:

• Check Browser Compatibility ;
• Check Child's user-select Value ;
• Disable pointer-events .

If none of these help, then you might want to check for browser-specific issues. For example, due to a bug in Chrome v62 , user-select might not work as expected. In such cases, you could, perhaps, use a JavaScript polyfill instead.

Check Browser Compatibility

If the CSS user-select property is not working for you, then you might want to check if the browsers you're supporting, actually support user-select: none .

Some browsers might require a vendor-specific prefix to make the user-select property work. Therefore, based on the browsers you wish to support, make sure that you have added the necessary vendor prefixes, for example, like so:

Check Child's user-select Value

If a child element does not have a user-select property set explicitly, then it would default to user-select: auto , which would determine the value for the child in the following way:

• On ::before and ::after pseudo elements, the used value is none ;
• On editable elements, the used value is contain ;
• If parent is set to either all or none , then the child uses the same value as the parent;
• If none of the above is true, then the used value is text .

If this is the source of your issue, then you can explicitly set the user-select property on the child element, for example, like so:

In this case, the <div> element (and its contents) will be selectable, except for the <p> element because its user-select property is set to none .

Conversely, it could also be that the child element already has an explicit value set for the user-select property, which could be causing it to behave differently than the parent (for example, when you are expecting it to inherit none from the parent).

Disable pointer-events

You could try setting pointer-events: none on the element to disable all pointer events on it. This would prevent the user from interacting with the element in any way (including, clicking on it or selecting its contents). For example:

This post was published 21 Dec, 2022 by Daniyal Hamid . Daniyal currently works as the Head of Engineering in Germany and has 20+ years of experience in software engineering, design and marketing. Please show your love and support by sharing this post .

The user-select Property

CSS property: user-select

• 6 - 9 : Not supported
• 10 : Supported
• 11 : Supported
• 12 - 18 : Supported
• 79 - 122 : Supported
• 123 : Supported
• 2 - 68 : Supported
• 69 - 123 : Supported
• 124 : Supported
• 125 - 127 : Supported
• 4 - 53 : Supported
• 54 - 122 : Supported
• 124 - 126 : Supported
• 3.1 - 17.3 : Supported
• 17.4 : Supported
• 17.5 - TP : Supported
• 10 - 12.1 : Not supported
• 15 - 40 : Supported
• 41 - 108 : Supported
• 109 : Supported

Safari on iOS

• 3.2 - 17.3 : Supported
• 17.5 : Supported
• all : Support unknown

Android Browser

• 2.1 - 4.3 : Not supported
• 4.4 - 4.4.4 : Supported

Opera Mobile

• 12 - 12.1 : Not supported
• 80 : Supported

Chrome for Android

Firefox for android, uc browser for android.

• 15.5 : Support unknown

Samsung Internet

• 4 - 5.4 : Supported
• 6.2 - 23 : Supported
• 24 : Supported
• 14.9 : Support unknown

Baidu Browser

• 13.52 : Support unknown

KaiOS Browser

• 2.5 : Support unknown
• 3 : Support unknown

Managing User Focus with :focus-visible

This is going to be the 2nd post in a small series we are doing on form accessibility. If you missed the first post, check out Accessible Forms with Pseudo Classes . In this post we are going to look at :focus-visible and how to use it in your web sites!

Focus Touchpoint

Before we move forward with :focus-visible , let’s revisit how :focus works in your CSS. Focus is the visual indicator that an element is being interacted with via keyboard, mouse, trackpad, or assistive technology. Certain elements are naturally interactive, like links, buttons, and form elements. We want to make sure that our users know where they are and the interactions they are making.

Remember don’t do this in your CSS !

When you remove focus, you remove it for EVERYONE! We want to make sure that we are preserving the focus.

If for any reason you do need to remove the focus, make sure there is also fallback :focus styles for your users. That fallback can match your branding colors, but make sure those colors are also accessible. If marketing, design, or branding doesn’t like the default focus ring styles, then it is time to start having conversations and collaborate with them on the best way of adding it back in.

What is focus-visible?

The pseudo class, :focus-visible , is just like our default :focus pseudo class. It gives the user an indicator that something is being focused on the page. The way you write :focus-visible is cut and dry:

When using :focus-visible with a specific element, the syntax looks something like this:

The great thing about using :focus-visible is you can make your element stand out, bright and bold! No need to worry about it showing if the element is clicked/tapped. If you choose not to implement the class, the default will be the user agent focus ring which to some is undesirable.

Backstory of focus-visible

Before we had the :focus-visible , the user agent styling would apply :focus to most elements on the page; buttons, links, etc. It would apply an outline or “focus ring” to the focusable element. This was deemed to be ugly, most didn’t like the default focus ring the browser provided. As a result of the focus ring being unfavorable to look at, most authors removed it… without a fallback. Remember, when you remove :focus , it decreases usability and makes the experience inaccessible for keyboard users.

In the current state of the web, the browser no longer visibly indicates focus around various elements when they have focus. The browser instead uses varying heuristics to determine when it would help the user, providing a focus ring in return. According to Khan Academy , a heuristic is, “a technique that guides an algorithm to find good choices.”

What this means is that the browser can detect whether or not the user is interacting with the experience from a keyboard, mouse, or trackpad and based on that input type, it adds or removes the focus ring. The example in this post highlights the input interaction.

In the early days of :focus-visible we were using a polyfill to handle the focus ring created by Alice Boxhall and Brian Kardell, Mozilla also came out with their own pseudo class, :moz-focusring , before the official specification. If you want to learn more about the early days of the focus-ring, check out A11y Casts with Rob Dodson.

Focus Importance

There are plenty of reasons why focus is important in your application. For one, like I stated above, we as ambassadors of the web have to make sure we are providing the best, accessible experience we can. We don’t want any of our users guessing where they are while they are navigation through the experience.

One example that always comes to mind is the Two Blind Brothers website . If you go to the website and click/tap (this works on mobile), the closed eye in the bottom left corner, you will see the eye open and a simulation begins. Both the brothers, Bradford and Bryan Manning, were diagnosed at a young age with Stargardt’s Disease. Stargardt’s disease is a form of macular degeneration of the eye. Over time both brothers will be completely blind. Visit the site and click the eye to see how they see.

If you were in their shoes and you had to navigate through a page, you would want to make sure you knew exactly where you were throughout the whole experience. A focus ring gives you that power.

The demo below shows how :focus-visible works when added to your CSS. The first part of the video shows the experience when navigating through with a mouse the second shows navigating through with just my keyboard. I recorded myself as well to show that I did switch from using my mouse, to my keyboard.

The browser is predicting what to do with the focus ring based on my input (keyboard/mouse), and then adding a focus ring to those elements. In this case, when I am navigating through this example with the keyboard, everything receives focus. When using the mouse, only the input gets focus and the buttons don’t. If you remove :focus-visible , the browser will apply the default focus ring.

The code below is applying :focus-visible to the focusable elements.

If you want to specify the label or the button to receive :focus-visible just prepend the class with input or button respectively.

If the browser does not support :focus-visible you can have a fall back in place to handle the interaction. The code below is from the MDN Playground . You can use the @supports at-rule or “feature query” to check support. One thing to keep in mind, the rule should be placed at the top of the code or nested inside another group at-rule.

Further Accessibility Concerns

Accessibility concerns to keep in mind when building out your experience:

• Make sure the colors you choose for your focus indicator, if at all, are still accessible according to the information documented in the WCAG 2.2 Non-text Contrast (Level AA)
• Cognitive overload can cause a user distress. Make sure to keep styles on varying interactive elements consistent

Browser Support

This browser support data is from Caniuse , which has more detail. A number indicates that browser supports the feature at that version and up.

Mobile / Tablet

• https://daverupert.com/2024/01/focus-visible-love/
• https://css-tricks.com/almanac/selectors/f/focus-visible/

I prefer to use box-shadow for :focus-visible , and have a transparent outline which will then work nicely in Windows high contrast mode.

Here’s an example – https://github.com/basher/Web-UI-Boilerplate/blob/master/ui/src/stylesheets/mixins/_focus.scss#L46

Sounds like a cool idea.

Thanks For Sharing!! I am now sure about using it well in my codes without any doubts.

:has gives us :focus-visible-within too, even though its not a thing in CSS officially. Useful for those complex components.

:has(*:focus-visible)

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Copy and paste this code: micuno *

Leave this field empty