tourism industry research topics

100+ Tourism Research Topics: Trends and Future Directions

Tourism research stands at the crossroads of exploration and understanding, dissecting the intricacies of an industry that transcends geographical boundaries. In this blog, we delve into the realm of tourism research topics, examining their importance, trends, popular areas of study, challenges faced by researchers, and the future directions that the field is poised to take.

Key Trends in Tourism Research

Table of Contents

Sustainable Tourism

Sustainable tourism has become a cornerstone of research in recent years, reflecting the global shift towards eco-conscious travel. Researchers are delving into the intricate balance between satisfying the wanderlust of tourists and preserving the environment.

Initiatives such as wildlife conservation, eco-friendly accommodations, and community engagement are key focus areas.

Technology in Tourism

The pervasive influence of technology on tourism cannot be overstated. From online booking platforms to virtual reality experiences, researchers are exploring the impact of technology on travel behavior.

Emerging areas of study include the use of artificial intelligence in personalized travel recommendations and the implications of augmented reality for enhancing tourist attractions.

What is the Importance of Tourism Research for Students?

Tourism research holds significant importance for students pursuing studies in various disciplines, including tourism management, hospitality, business, sociology, and environmental studies. Here are some key reasons why tourism research is valuable for students:

Academic Enrichment

Increases Understanding: By conducting study on the tourist business, students may increase their comprehension of the intricate relationships between the economic, social, cultural, and environmental facets of the sector.
Application of Theoretical information: This increases the practical relevance of their education by giving them the chance to apply the theoretical information they have learned in the classroom to real-world situations.

Skill Development

Research Skills: Gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data are just a few of the vital research skills that come from conducting tourist research. These abilities are adaptable and useful in a range of work environments.
Communication abilities: Through research papers, presentations, and conversations, students learn how to effectively express their results, which improves both their writing and spoken communication abilities.

Industry Insights

Current Trends and Issues: Research allows students to stay abreast of current trends, challenges, and emerging issues in the tourism industry. This awareness is crucial for adapting to the dynamic nature of the field.
In-Depth Knowledge: By delving into specific tourism research topics, students gain in-depth knowledge of particular sectors within the industry, positioning themselves as experts in specialized areas.

Career Opportunities

Competitive Advantage: Having experience in tourism research can provide students with a competitive advantage in the job market. Employers value candidates who can bring a research-driven perspective to decision-making.
Diverse Career Paths: Whether in academia, policy-making, destination management, or market analysis, a background in tourism research opens doors to a variety of career paths within the broader field of tourism and hospitality.

Contributions to Sustainable Practices

Environmental and Social Responsibility: Tourism research often focuses on sustainable practices. Students, through their research, can contribute ideas and solutions for promoting responsible tourism, minimizing negative impacts on the environment and local communities.

Global Perspective

Cultural Awareness: Researching diverse tourism topics exposes students to various cultures, traditions, and perspectives. This global perspective is crucial in an industry where interactions with people from different backgrounds are common.

Problem-Solving Skills

Analytical Thinking: Research involves analyzing complex issues and developing solutions. This cultivates students’ analytical thinking and problem-solving skills, valuable attributes in any professional setting.

Personal Growth

Confidence Building: Successfully conducting research and presenting findings builds students’ confidence in their abilities. It empowers them to tackle challenges and approach tasks with a systematic mindset.

In summary, tourism research is a multifaceted learning experience that goes beyond textbooks, providing students with the skills, knowledge, and perspectives needed for a successful and impactful career in the tourism industry or related fields.

Challenges and Opportunities in Tourism Research

Data collection and analysis.

While technology has streamlined data collection, challenges persist in ensuring data accuracy and relevance. Researchers are exploring advanced methodologies, such as big data analytics and machine learning, to overcome these hurdles and derive meaningful insights.

Globalization and Tourism

The globalization of the tourism industry poses both challenges and opportunities. Researchers are scrutinizing the impact of global trends on local economies, cultural identities, and the environment. Striking a balance between global and local interests is a complex task that requires careful consideration.

Future Directions in Tourism Research

Emerging tourism destinations.

The landscape of tourist destinations is ever-evolving. Researchers are turning their attention to emerging destinations, investigating the factors that contribute to their rise and the implications for the broader tourism industry.

This includes understanding the appeal of off-the-beaten-path locations and the potential challenges associated with their sudden popularity.

Post-Pandemic Tourism

The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped the tourism industry in unprecedented ways. Researchers are exploring the long-term effects of the pandemic on travel behavior, destination preferences, and the overall structure of the tourism sector.

Strategies for recovery and resilience are also under the microscope as the industry adapts to the new normal.

Resources for Tourism Research Topics

Academic Journals and Publications: Leading academic journals in tourism research, such as the “Journal of Sustainable Tourism” and the “Annals of Tourism Research,” provide a wealth of knowledge for researchers. These publications cover a wide array of topics, from sustainable practices to cultural tourism.
Conferences and Events: Attending conferences and events, such as the “International Conference on Tourism Research” and the “World Tourism Forum,” offers researchers the opportunity to engage with peers, present their work, and stay abreast of the latest developments in the field.
Online Databases and Research Platforms: Online databases, including Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Tourism Management Database , provide access to a vast repository of research articles, theses, and reports. These platforms facilitate collaboration and information exchange among researchers.

In conclusion, the landscape of tourism research topics is vast and dynamic, reflecting the multifaceted nature of the tourism industry. As researchers continue to explore sustainable practices, emerging trends, and the post-pandemic landscape, the importance of their work cannot be overstated.

By navigating the challenges and embracing the opportunities presented, tourism researchers contribute to a more informed and resilient industry, ensuring that the joy of travel remains accessible for generations to come.

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Tourism and Hospitality Dissertation Topics Ideas

Are you ready to embark on an exhilarating academic journey delving into Tourism Dissertation Topics? Selecting the perfect topic can seem daunting but fear not! With the boundless opportunities within the realm of tourism, crafting your dissertation can be an exciting endeavor. Tourism research topics encompass a diverse array of captivating subjects, ranging from the […]

Tourism research topics encompass a diverse array of captivating subjects, ranging from the exploration of distinct hospitality styles to the immersion in delectable cuisines, cultural customs, accommodations, travel services, entertainment hubs, and vibrant musical events. With such rich content, students can draw inspiration from their own travel experiences, infusing their research with personal anecdotes and insights.

Consider the staggering growth of international tourist arrivals, as evidenced by the UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, which surged by an impressive 7% in 2010, reaching an astounding 940 million. This statistic underscores the undeniable relevance and immense potential for growth within the tourism industry, making it an ideal avenue for your academic exploration.

Whether you’re intrigued by the allure of exotic destinations or fascinated by the intricacies of tourism management, there’s a wealth of opportunities awaiting your exploration. Let’s transform your dissertation into an extraordinary voyage of discovery, where every topic you delve into unlocks new insights and enriches your understanding of this dynamic field. Get ready to embark on an exciting academic adventure as we explore captivating tourism research topics together!

Table of Contents

Tourism Dissertation Topics Ideas to Take You Out of Dissertation Writing Nightmare

Unlock the excitement of selecting tourism research topics, accommodation tourism dissertation topics:.

The Impact of Boutique Hotels on Tourist Experience: A Comparative Study
Sustainable Practices in Eco-Lodges: Balancing Environmental Conservation with Guest Comfort
Accessibility and Inclusivity in Hotel Design: Enhancing Accommodation Options for Persons with Disabilities
The Rise of Airbnb: Disrupting Traditional Accommodation Models and its Implications for Local Communities
Luxury Camping: Exploring the Growing Trend of Glamping and Its Influence on Tourism Experiences

Food and Beverage Services:

Culinary Tourism: Analyzing the Influence of Local Cuisine on Tourist Destination Choices
Farm-to-Table Dining Experiences: Evaluating the Sustainability and Authenticity of Locally Sourced Food in Tourism
Food Tourism in Urban Settings: Exploring Food Tours and Gastronomic Adventures in Metropolitan Areas
Food Trucks and Street Food Culture: Impact on Destination Image and Visitor Satisfaction
Allergen Management in Hospitality: Strategies for Ensuring Safe Dining Experiences for Guests with Food Allergies

Recreation and Entertainment:

Adventure Tourism and Risk Management: Balancing Thrills with Safety Measures in Extreme Sports Activities
Cultural Festivals as Tourism Attractions: Assessing Their Role in Destination Marketing and Community Development
Virtual Reality Experiences in Tourism: Examining Their Potential to Enhance Visitor Engagement and Satisfaction
Sustainable Theme Parks: Strategies for Minimizing Environmental Footprint and Maximizing Social Benefits
Urban Exploration Tourism: Investigating the Phenomenon of “Ruin Tourism” and Its Ethical Considerations

Transportation:

High-Speed Rail Tourism: Assessing the Impact of Train Travel on Tourism Patterns and Destination Accessibility
Electric Vehicles in Tourism: Exploring Sustainable Transportation Options for Tourists in Urban Areas
Cruise Tourism and Destination Development: Analyzing the Economic and Environmental Impacts of Port Infrastructure Expansion
Micro-Mobility Solutions for Tourists: Evaluating the Role of Scooter Sharing and Bike Rentals in Urban Tourism
Airport Design and Passenger Experience: Enhancing Airport Facilities to Improve Tourist Satisfaction and Destination Competitiveness

Travel Services:

Online Travel Agencies (OTAs) and Destination Marketing: Investigating the Role of Digital Platforms in Tourism Promotion
Peer-to-Peer Travel Platforms: Examining the Sharing Economy’s Impact on Traditional Travel Services
Sustainable Tour Operator Practices: Strategies for Reducing Environmental Impact and Supporting Local Communities
Wellness Tourism and Spa Services: Understanding Tourist Preferences for Health and Wellness Experiences
Travel Insurance in Tourism: Assessing the Importance of Comprehensive Coverage for Tourists’ Peace of Mind

Ecotourism:

Community-Based Ecotourism Initiatives: Evaluating Their Effectiveness in Promoting Conservation and Socio-Economic Development
Wildlife Watching Tourism: Balancing Conservation Goals with Tourist Satisfaction in Natural Habitats
Ecotourism Certification Programs: Assessing Their Role in Ensuring Environmental Responsibility and Quality Assurance
Indigenous Tourism and Cultural Preservation: Exploring Indigenous-led Ecotourism Enterprises and Their Contribution to Cultural Heritage Conservation
Marine Ecotourism: Examining Sustainable Practices for Diving and Snorkeling Activities in Coral Reefs and Marine Sanctuaries

Dark Ecotourism:

Thana tourism: Exploring Tourist Interest in Dark Tourism Sites Related to Death and Tragedy
Disaster Tourism: Understanding Visitor Motivations and Ethical Considerations in Visiting Areas Affected by Natural Disasters
War Tourism: Analyzing the Heritage Tourism Potential of Battlefields and War Memorials
Prison Tourism: Examining the Growing Interest in Visiting Historical and Active Prisons as Tourist Attractions
Nuclear Tourism: Investigating Tourist Interest in Visiting Sites Associated with Nuclear Disasters and Energy Production

Hospitality:

Employee Turnover in Hospitality: Exploring Causes, Consequences, and Strategies for Retention in the Hospitality Industry
Personalization in Hospitality Services: Implementing Customized Experiences to Enhance Guest Satisfaction and Loyalty
Hotel Revenue Management Strategies: Optimizing Pricing and Inventory to Maximize Profitability
Service Quality in Luxury Hospitality: Assessing the Importance of Attention to Detail and Personalized Service Delivery
Diversity and Inclusion in Hospitality Workforce: Promoting Equality and Equity in Hiring and Advancement Practices

Tourism Management:

Crisis Management in Tourism: Developing Resilience Strategies for Coping with Unforeseen Events
Destination Governance Models: Analyzing Public-Private Partnerships in Tourism Development and Management
Sustainable Tourism Destination Planning: Integrating Environmental, Social, and Economic Considerations
Tourism Carrying Capacity: Implementing Measures to Ensure Sustainable Visitor Management and Environmental Protection
Tourism Education and Workforce Development: Addressing Skills Gaps and Training Needs in the Tourism Industry

Tourism Marketing:

Destination Branding Strategies: Creating Unique and Memorable Brand Identities to Attract Tourists
Digital Marketing Trends in Tourism: Leveraging Social Media, Influencer Marketing, and Content Strategies to Reach Target Audiences
Niche Tourism Market Segmentation: Identifying and Targeting Specific Market Segments for Tailored Marketing Campaigns
Destination Image and Perception Management: Strategies for Shaping Tourist Perceptions and Overcoming Negative Stereotypes
Sustainable Tourism Marketing: Communicating Environmental and Social Responsibility Initiatives to Eco-Conscious Travelers
More What are some good thesis topics in tourism marketing?

Sport Tourism Dissertation Topics:

Mega Sporting Events and Destination Development: Assessing the Legacy Effects of Hosting Events like the Olympics or FIFA World Cup
Adventure Sports Tourism: Exploring the Growing Popularity of Activities like Rock Climbing, Surfing, and Mountain Biking in Tourist Destinations
Golf Tourism: Analyzing the Economic and Environmental Impacts of Golf Resorts and Tournaments on Local Communities
Sports Event Management: Strategies for Planning and Executing Successful Sporting Events to Attract Tourists and Enhance Destination Image
Health and Wellness Tourism: Investigating the Role of Sports and Fitness Facilities in Attracting Health-Conscious Travelers to Resorts and Spas
More Sports Tourism Dissertation Topics Ideas

Sustainable Tourism Dissertation Topics:

Community-Based Tourism Enterprises: Assessing Their Contribution to Sustainable Development and Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas
Ecological Footprint Analysis of Tourist Activities: Measuring and Mitigating Environmental Impact in Popular Tourist Destinations
Certification Programs for Sustainable Tourism: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Labels like Green Globe and EarthCheck in Promoting Responsible Travel
Wildlife Conservation and Tourism: Balancing Visitor Experience with Wildlife Protection in Natural Reserves and Parks
Responsible Tourism Education and Awareness: Strategies for Engaging Tourists and Industry Stakeholders in Sustainable Practices and Ethical Behavior
More Sustainable Tourism Dissertation Topics Ideas

Travel and Tourism Dissertation Topics:

Cultural Heritage Tourism: Examining the Preservation and Promotion of Historical Sites, Museums, and Cultural Festivals as Tourist Attractions
Medical Tourism: Understanding the Motivations and Experiences of Travelers Seeking Healthcare Services Abroad
Volunteer Tourism (Voluntourism): Analyzing the Benefits and Challenges of Volunteer Programs for Local Communities and Tourists
Culinary Tourism: Exploring Food and Wine Tours, Cooking Classes, and Culinary Festivals as Tourism Experiences
Film Tourism: Investigating the Influence of Movies and TV Shows on Destination Choice and Visitor Behavior, and Strategies for Destination Marketing Utilizing Film Locations
More Travel and Tourism Dissertation Topics Ideas

Tourism Research Proposal Topics Ideas for college students.

So here are some of the tourism research proposal topics and ideas that will you find a theme for your project.

Attitude towards eco-tourism in Scotland among British tourists
Implications of the internet in the development of ecotourism
Is ecotourism better than Europe in other parts of the world?
Factors that are affecting ecotourism buying behavior
Integrated marketing communications to ecotourism in the United States of America
Developing a marketing plan for the London dungeon
Man-made dark tourism sites: the perception and attitude of Europeans
All about Jack, the ripper site
Is it socially good to visit a site of suffering and death by the local communities?
Factors affecting the customer buying behavior of dark tourism in the United States of America
Hospitality in religion
The effects of globalization on the international hospitality industry
The role of hospitality in the development of a country
Is marketing the only thing responsible for building the international hospitality industry in New York?
The internet revolution and hospitality
The death of tourism and hospitality in Asia
How tsunami affected the tourism industry of Phuket, Thailand?
How to remove the negative and bad reputation of Amsterdam using integrated marketing communication?
How to motivate people to visit and stay at the Marriot hotel in Dubai ?
Is South Asia the best tourist destination in winter times?
Bangkok as a winter holiday destination
Educational tourism program – how to make it.
Why do British students prefer cultural exchange programs in the US?
Why do international students prefer the UK as the best education destination in the world?
Comparison of the British with an American student
International education tourist programs and the contribution of British students to promote them.
Can a high volume of tourists have a negative effect on Switzerland’s environment?
What can be done to revitalize the tourism industry in Pakistan?
Tourist trap: A menace or a blessing?
In-depth analysis of any country’s tourism industry
Factors Influencing Visitor’s Choices to Visit Urban Destinations
Government instability. When a place is suffering from political problems, it will drive tourists away.
How have high prices affected tourism in London?
Does Swansea have the potential in becoming the new ecotourism destination of the UK?
Do British customers prefer international ecotourism rather than British ecotourism?
Examining the implications of the Internet on the growth of ecotourism
How to promote Beaumaris-Prison in Anglesey, Wales, as a new dark-tourism site in the UK.
Factors affecting British customers when choosing dark-tourism sites in foreign countries.
How to develop a marketing plan for London-Dungeon.
How to make Mercat-Tour in Scotland a dark tourism site.
The implications of the Tsunami on the tourism industry in Phuket, Thailand.
Role of strategic human resource management in developing sustainable competitive advantage in contemporary budget hotel chains.
What makes South-East Asia an attractive tourist destination during winter for British customers?
The Role of the London Olympics in enhancing the scope of tourism to the city.
Perception and attitude toward Beijing’s world-heritage tour among British tourists.

Hope these topics will help you come up with memorable tourism dissertations. Writing a dissertation on tourism can be fun as compared to other dissertations as you can write about any exotic place you are dying to visit.

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Tourism Development, Sustainability, and Inclusion

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About this Research Topic

The tourism field of study covers multiple perspectives like the tourism experience, tourism forms (e.g., mass tourism, heritage tourism, ecotourism), tourism’s history, driving forces of tourism demand, and the effects of tourism on the economy, social fabric, cultural and environmental spheres of the ...

Keywords : Triple Bottom Line, Inclusion, Sustainable development, Social sustainability, Sustainable Development Goals, Tourism

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Tourism and Hospitality Dissertation Topics and Titles

Published by Grace Graffin at January 10th, 2023 , Revised On April 16, 2024

Introduction

As a tourism student, you will be required to study the basics of tourism, hospitality, and event management. Some important issues surrounding tourism include but are not limited to medicine, finance, culture, geography, and more.

We understand that choosing the right dissertation topic can be a bit overwhelming for you. Therefore, our writers have provided a comprehensive list of tourism dissertation topics. These topics are recent, relevant, and exploratory enough for you to conduct a comprehensive research study.

We can even customize topics according to your needs. So, go through our list of dissertation topics, choose the one that interests you, and let us know if you would like any help from our writers.

Check our dissertation example to get an idea of how to structure your dissertation .

You can review step by step guide on how to write your dissertation here.

Tourism Research Topics for 2024

Investigating how the tourism industry has taken green and sustainable measures- a case study of uk.

Research Aim: This study will investigate the various aspects of the UK tourism industry towards making green and sustainable measures for the environmental benefits. It will also look into the consumer’s perspective towards green tourism and its positive and negative impacts on the tourism industry and the tourists. It is also helping you develop a better understanding of the concept of a green environment and its influence on the tourism industry.

Environmental Management Systems and their Implementation in the UK- A Systematic Review.

Research Aim: This study will explore the quality of environmental management systems, environmental performance, improvements, and implementation in the UK. We will be focusing on different companies with high environmental impacts and how they have improved the environment and the use of environmental management systems (EMS). This study will also look into how it has changed or influenced the hospitality industry.

Investigating the impact of Social Media Recommendations on Hotel Booking in the UK.

Research Aim: Social media is a part of every aspect of our daily life. This research will investigate the influence of social media on tourism and specifically on choosing a hotel; and help you evaluate if consumers perceive social media-based recommendations differently than more traditional sources of internet-based marketing. Qualitative research will be used in this, followed by thematic analysis to find the role of social media in recommendations in influencing consumers’ search, decide and book hotels.

Assessing the Impact of Virtual Reality on Tourism.

Research Aim: Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging technology in tourism. This study will find the impact of virtual reality on the tourism industry. It will also investigate consumer behaviour towards it. We will better understand how VR has affected the tourism industry and significantly influenced the results. TAM research model will be developed to describe the nature of the 3D virtual world. It will also cover some psychological aspects to understand the consumer perspective.

Role of Social Media Marketing in deciding a Travel Destination- A Systematic Review.

Research Aim: This study investigates the role of social media marketing in deciding a travel destination. This study aims to find and understand how social media can achieve marketing objectives. Taking a quantitative approach, we will find the role of social media marketing and its effect on making travel choices through interviews and surveys. It will further explore the tourist’s perception, expectations, and experiences.

Effects of Covid-19 on Tourism and Hospitality Dissertation Topics

Topic 1: tourism after coronavirus pandemic - way forward for tourism and hospitality industry in the uk or any other country of your choice.

Research Aim: Tourism is a reason for most of the human mobility in the modern world. According to the World Tourism Organization (2020), international tourism has indicated continuous growth for the tenth consecutive year reporting 1.5 billion international tourist arrivals in 2019 and an estimated 1.8 billion international tourist arrivals by 2030 )people are forecasted to be. This particular research will focus on the effects of the Covid-19 outbreak on the tourism and hospitality industry in the United Kingdom or any other country of your choice.

Topic 2: Investigating the Long Term Effects of Prolonged and New Travel Restrictions on the UK Tourism Industry

Research Aim: Britain will require anyone entering the country to self-quarantine for two weeks, and other European countries are pondering similar measures, but the prospects of prolonged and even new travel restrictions are destroying what hopes the continent’s airlines and tourist industry have been harbouring of at least a partial coronavirus rebound. Can the tourism sector of the UK overcome these challenges?

Topic 3: Coronavirus: Dubai Tourism Insists Emirate's Hotel Sector is Healthy, Rejects Bloomberg Report but Is It Really the Case?

Research Aim: Dubai’s Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (Dubai Tourism) has denied a Bloomberg report about the emirate’s hospitality businesses being adversely affected by the coronavirus pandemic. This research will employ primary research methodology to gather data from the key stakeholders of the Emirates hoteling industry to assess whether or not the ongoing Covid-19 crisis is causing panic and financial damages to the hoteling industry.

Topic 4: Will Easing the Travel Restrictions Benefit the UK Tourism Sector in the Short Term?

Research Aim: Many European countries, including the UK, are easing lockdown measures, including tourist destinations preparing for the summer. Cafes and restaurants in London and other cities hardest hit by the virus in the UK have opened two weeks behind the rest of the country. However, with most travellers preferring to stay home in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, how effective are these measures going to be?

Topic 5: Coronavirus outbreak: Caribbean Tourism Struggles as Visitors Stay Home

Research Aim: In the Caribbean, the government plans to require all visitors to undergo rapid Covid-19 testing upon entry. They hope provisions such as virus tests for all industry workers and socially distanced resort dining will make people feel comfortable travelling. This research study will explore whether the measures taken by the Caribbean government will actually encourage the visitors to leave the comfort of their home and travel in the midst of the Covid-19 Crisis.

Topic 2: Advances in Tourism and Hospitality Post-pandemic

Research Aim: This research aims to assess the advances in Tourism and Hospitality post-pandemic

Topic 3: Impacts of Social Distancing on Tourism Managements

Research Aim: This research aims to study the impacts of social distancing on tourism managements

Topic 4: Advances in Hotel Management Post-pandemic

Research Aim: This research aims to assess advances in Hotel management post-pandemic

Tourism and Hospitality Dissertation Topics for 2023

Topic 1: factors impacting destination selection for medical tourism.

Research Aim: Medical tourism is a growing trend. An increasing number of people travel to another country, seeking medical treatment which is expensive or unavailable on their own. Various factors impact the destination selection process for medical treatment purposes. The destination can be local or international. With limited evidence on the factors that impact destination selection for medical tourism, there is a need for a comprehensive study exploring these factors in detail.

Topic 2: Impact of Low budget Airline Services on Boosting International Tourism in Europe: A Case Study of Ryanair.

Research Aim: With increasing costs of air travelling, the demand for low-budget airline services is on the rise. Ryanair is one of the leading low-budget airline services based in the UK. Its cheap air tickets attract many regular travellers. Given this, the main aim of this research will be to explore whether or not low-budget airlines are actually helping to increase international tourism in Europe or not. This research will be conducted based on quantitative data which will be collected from a sample of Ryanair international tourism travellers.

Topic 3: Eco-friendly Practices and Their Effect on Hotel Selection Decision: A Case Study of UK Hospitality Industry.

Research Aim: Various technologies can be implemented to achieve eco-friendliness, such as; internet of things, automation technology, bamboo industrialisation, and sustainable building construction. On the other hand, eco-friendly practices include; water and energy conservation, renewable energy use, waste recycling and management, alternative plastic products, and more. Many hotels in the UK install solar panels and automated systems, which generate renewable energy and ensure complete automation for lights and water. It is worth evaluating how eco-friendly technologies and practices affect the hotel selection decision of guests in the UK hospitality industry.

Topic 4: How Economic Conditions of a Country Impact its Local Tourism: Identifying the Economic Factors Influencing the Tourism Sector.

Research Aim: Economic factors have a great impact on tourism. When a country is economically strong, it spends a great deal on tourism development. On the other hand, tourism could be adversely affected if a country is struggling with its finances. This research aims to investigate and critically analyse the economic factors which tend to affect the tourism sector of a country. The study will also weigh the economic upsides and downsides of these factors concerning local tourism.

Topic 5: Assessing the Impact of Social Media Platforms on Tourism Destination Selection.

Research Aim: These days, social media websites play a tremendous role for tourists in destination selection. The experiences and reviews that people share on online social platforms have a huge impact on making or breaking the future of any tourist destination. This research will analyze the role of different social media platforms in choosing tourism destinations among tourists. This research will also shed light on the rationale and factors people rely on social media to select their tourism destination.

Topic 6: Assessing the Impact of Government Rules, Regulations, and Policies on Tourism Development: A Case Study of Developing Countries.

Research Aim: The tourism sector of any country is greatly looked after by governmental and regulatory bodies. This research will analyze the role played by such bodies from the perspective of policymaking and regulation implementation. The study will also explore how the impact of policymaking and government regulations in developed countries might be different from that of developing countries.

Topic 7: Analysing the Impact of Natural Hazards on the Tourism Industry of the UK: Recommending Effective Measures to Minimise Risk.

Research Aim: Natural hazards can have a disastrous effect on the tourism industry of any country. The UK is one of the countries where the tourism industry has experienced huge success. Thus, this research will be carried out to analyze the impact of such hazards on the UK’s tourism sector.

Topic 8: Assessing the Factors and Preferences Impacting Tourist's Decisions to Travel to a Dark Tourism Site.

Research Aim: As a result of a shift in preferences of tourists and an urge to explore and learn, dark tourism has gained immense popularity and success in recent times. This research will explore the factors and reasons why tourists choose dark places as their tourism destination.

Topic 9: The Impact of Travel Bloggers and vloggers on the Tourism Industry.

Research Aim: Travel bloggers and vloggers are an important part of the tourism industry now. These people travel the world, document their experiences through their writing or videos, and influence people. Tourists throughout the world now depend on their reviews and choose their travel destinations accordingly. This research will aim to explore how these influencers have completely changed the tourism industry.

Educational Tourism Dissertation Topics

Tourism has gained tremendous popularity among academicians and researchers in recent times. Educational tourism primarily takes into consideration technical competencies and new knowledge gained outside the classroom environment.

Educational tourism brings to light the idea of travelling to learn about the cultures of other nations. Exchange student programmes are perhaps the most commonly employed educational tourism strategy, allowing students to learn about the culture of the host nation through research work and travel. Possible areas of research in this field of tourism for your dissertation are provided below;

Topic 1: Educational Tourism Programmes and the Popularity of Host Nations

Research Aim: This research will discuss the educational exchange programmes in detail and will also assess how educational tourism can add to the appeal of the host nations for prospective tourists.

Topic 2: Factors Affecting the Decision of British Students to Join International Student Exchange Programmes.

Research Aim: Even though student exchange programmes are popular throughout the world, there are certain countries where they are practised the most. This research will study one such country, the UK, concerning the factors that encourage British students to join international exchange programmes.

Topic 3: Factors Contributing Towards the Success of Work & Study Programmes in the UK

Research Aim: This research will analyse the factors that contribute towards the success of study programmes in the UK, i.e. benefits of studying in the UK and the attractiveness of the UK as a place to live and study.

Topic 4: To Analyse the Satisfaction of International Students Enrolled in Student Exchange Programmes in the UK

Research Aim: This research will cover an important topic, i.e., measure the satisfaction of international students enrolled in exchange programs in the UK – the same topic can be used for any other country such as the USA or Canada.

Topic 5: To Investigate Potential Marketing and Communication Tools to Promote “any country” as the Best Place to Pursue Higher Education.

Research Aim: This research will investigate and conclude the most successful marketing and communication tools that are used to promote exchange programmes in a particular country. The topic can be customised according to the country of your choice.

Topic 6: What are the factors Influencing British Students’ Decision to Join Academic Year Exchange Programme in Japan?

Research Aim: Japan is one of the most popular destinations when it comes to student exchange programmes. This research will assess the factors that influence a British student’s decision to go to Japan to pursue education.

Topic 7: To Examine the Popularity of Student Exchange Programmes Offered by Chinese-speaking Countries.

Research Aim: This research will explore the reasons for the popularity of student exchange programmes in countries where Chinese is the official language such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, etc.

Topic 8: To Investigate the Attitude and Perception of British Students toward Summer Camps.

Research Aim: Summer camps are extremely popular in the west. This research will explore the perceptions of British students towards summer camps and what motivates them to attend them.

Topic 9: Factors Affecting the Decision of University Students to Pursue a Placement Programme in the US?

Research Aim: This research will aim to understand the rationale of university students’ decisions to pursue placement programmes in the US,

Topic 10: To Examine the Satisfaction of University Students Returning from Cultural Exchange Programmes in the US.

Research Aim: This research will aim to understand the satisfaction of university students who are on their way back from exchange programmes in the US.

Medical Tourism Dissertation Topics

Medical tourism is a new area of study in the tourism industry. The gap in the prices of medical facilities available in developing and developed countries is significant, propelling many patients to travel to far destinations to benefit from economic, medical services.

Similarly, many financially well-off patients decide to have medical treatment in foreign countries with advanced and established medical systems that provide state-of-the-art medical facilities unavailable in their home countries.

Although there may be insufficient secondary data to analyse this tourism sub-topic, researching this area will prove to be interesting. You can choose your medical tourism dissertation topics from this list.

Topic 1: Investigating the Reasons Why British Citizens Travel to Different Countries for their Dental Procedures

Research Aim: This research will identify and discuss in detail the reasons why British citizens travel to different countries for dental treatment.

Topic 2: The efficacy of marketing and communication tools employed by Thai plastic surgery and extreme makeover service providers – An investigation into the attitude and perception of British travellers.

Research Aim: A large number of British citizens travel to Thailand for cosmetic and plastic surgeries. This research will aim to understand the attitudes and perceptions of British travellers who opt for these surgeries in a foreign country. The research will also assess the marketing and communication tools employed by Thai medical service providers.

Topic 3: To Identify and Discuss Critical Marketing Strategies to Promote a Weight Loss Centre in the UK.

Research Aim: This research will talk about the marketing strategies that are undertaken in the UK to promote weight loss centres.

Topic 4: Measuring Customer satisfaction of British Lesbians After Having Sex Reassignment at Yanhee International Hospital, Bangkok

Research Aim: This research will measure the customer satisfaction of British lesbians after they have undergone gender reassignment at the Yanhee International Hospital in Bangkok.

Topic 5: To Examine the Factors Influencing the Decisions of British Women to Buy Body Contour Tour Packages in East Asia.

Research Aim: This study will analyze the factors that influence the decision-making of British women when burying body contour tour packages in East Asia.

Topic 6: To Investigate the Extent to Which Swiss Weight Control Tour Packages Have Influenced Women in the UK.

Research Aim: This research will focus on the decision-making detriments of British Women who opt to purchase weight control tour packages in Switzerland.

Topic 7: How Young British Females Perceive Facial Lifting package Tours in East Asia?

Research Aim: This study will analyze how young British females perceive facial lifting package tours in East Asia.

Topic 8: To Understand and Discuss the Factors Affecting Buying Decisions to Benefit from Extreme Makeover Tour Packages in Eastern Europe.

Research Aim: This research will critically explore the factors that influence the buying decision of customers who purchase extreme makeover packages from Eastern Europe.

Topic 9: How Attractive are the Plastic Surgery Makeover Services to Female British Customers – A Qualitative Study

Research Aim: This research will understand and analyze the attractiveness of plastic surgery makeover services that influence British females to purchase them. The research will be descriptive in nature.

Topic 10: How Homosexual Men Choose Medical Tour Packages for Sex Reassignment.

Research Aim: This study will investigate gender reassignment tour packages that interest homosexual men and the factors influencing their decision-making process.

Tourism Management Dissertation Topics

Tourism management is perhaps the most interesting area of the tourism industry. It mainly involves travelling for the purpose of leisure and recreation. People travelling to other countries and outside their usual environment with the intent of leisure can be classified as tourists.

It should be noted that the phenomenon of tourism has grown tremendously in recent years, thanks to the impact of globalisation. There are many countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Maldives, and Fiji, whose largest source of income is tourism. In these countries, tourism generates huge revenue for the government and also provides employment opportunities for the working class as well as businesses.

The suggestions below can help you to narrow your research for your tourism dissertation.

Topic 1: How British Tourists Perceive Chinese World Heritage Tour – A Qualitative Study

Research Aim: This research will focus on how Chinese heritage is perceived by British tourists and what compels them to visit China.

Topic 2: Exploring the Factors that Make London the Most Popular Destination for Christmas Shopping

Research Aim: This research will analyse and explore the various factors that promote London as one of the most attractive destinations for Christmas shopping.

Topic 3: Investigating the Underlying Factors that British Citizens Consider when Choosing a Destination for Their Winter Holidays.

Research Aim: This research will analyse the various factors that British citizens consider and evaluate when choosing a destination for their winter vacations.

Topic 4: An Analysis of Factors Affecting Employees’ Motivation in Luxury Hotels of Dubai.

Research Aim: This research will study the factors influencing employee motivation in luxury and five-star hotels in Dubai. The study will make use of secondary data and primary research to establish the exact factors that motivate employees to work for luxury hotels in Dubai.

Topic 5: How the Tourism Industry of Thailand Responded to the Tsunami.

Research Aim: This study will dive into the past to establish how the Thai tourism industry responded to Tsunami.

Visit our topics database to view 100s of dissertation topics in your research area.

Topic 6: Factors Influencing British Customers’ Decisions of Purchasing Egypt Tour Packages.

Research Aim: This research will explore the factors that British citizens consider when planning their holiday to Egypt.

Topic 7: Attitude and Perception of British Tourists Toward Thailand as a Winter Holiday Destination

Research Aim: This study will research why the British choose Thailand as their winter holiday destination.

Topic 8: The Increasing Popularity of Cruise Travel in South Africa Among British Tourists

Research Aim: This research will consider the reasons why South African cruise is extremely popular amongst British tourists.

Topic 9: To Investigate the Efficacy of Integrated Marketing Communication Tools to Restore the Image of Amsterdam as the Best Tourist Destination in Europe

Research Aim: This research will explore the marketing and communication tools utilized to market Amsterdam as the best tourism destination in Europe.

Topic 10: Factors Influencing British Customers’ Decision to Choose a Particular Destination During the Summer/winter Holiday

Research Aim: This research will discuss all the factors that influence British citizens to choose a destination for their summer or winter holidays. This topic can be customized according to a country of your choosing.

Hospitality Dissertation Topics

Hospitality industry consists of casinos, resorts, restaurants, hotels, catering as well as other businesses that serve the tourists. At its core hospitality can be defined as the relationship between a guest and the hotel.

Other aspects of hospitality include but are not limited to liberality, friendliness, warm welcome, entertainment, goodwill, and reception. Modern-day businesses pride themselves on their acts of hospitality. Thus, it is an extremely interesting sub-topic to base your dissertation on. Some topics in this area of tourism are suggested below.

Topic 1: Examining How Popular Travel Agents Such as eBrooker and Opodo are Perceived by British Tourists

Research Aim: This research will evaluate some of the best and most popular travel agents such as Opodo and eBookers and how they assist British tourists with their destination planning.

Topic 2: Identifying the Factors that Influence Leisure Hotel Buying Decisions of British Customers

Research Aim: This research will identify the factors that influence British customers’ decision to opt for luxury hotels.

Topic 3: Identifying Features of a leisure hotel that attract British honeymoon couples

Research Aim: This research will identify features of a luxury hotel that attract British couples looking for a honeymoon location.

Topic 4: Investigating Hospitality Practices of Popular Leisure Hotels in Dubai

Research Aim: This study will investigate hospitality purchases of attractive luxury hotels in Dubai.

Topic 5: What are the Prime Factors Influencing Restaurant Selection Decisions of Young British Couples?

Research Aim: This research will explore the factors that influence British couples to select restaurants for their time out.

Topic 6: Investigating and Reviewing Strategies Employed by Hotel Restaurants and Pubs in London to Keep Their Employees Motivated

Research Aim: This research will study an important aspect of the tourism industry, i.e., how hotel restaurants and pubs in London keep their employees motivated.

Topic 7: Exploring the Relationship Between Culture and Leisure Hotel Buying Decisions in London.

Research Aim: This research will investigate the relationship between how customers in London choose a luxury hotel based on their culture.

Topic 8: Creating Brand Sales and Recognition Using Integrated Marketing Communication Tools.

Research Aim: This research will explore how brand sales and recognition are built using various marketing and communication tools.

Topic 9: Understanding the Relationship Between Customers’ Buying Decisions and Leisure Hotel Hospitality Features within the Context of Overseas Holidays

Research Aim: This research will explore the relationship between customers’ decision to choose a luxury hotel while visiting different countries.

Topic 10: The Impact of Hospitality Companies’ Brand Image on Tourists’ Buying Decisions.

Research Aim: This research will first talk about different hospitality companies and how their brand image impacts tourists’ buying decisions.

Black Tourism Dissertation Topics

Black tourism, also known as dark tourism and grief tourism, involves travelling to historical sites/places associated with death, casualties, and suffering.

Dark or black tourist sites such as battlefields, monuments, castles, Tsunami sites, and Ground Zero are man-made or natural. They are found commonly in Scotland, South Asia, China, and Eastern Europe.

Dark tourism may not be the ideal choice for many students. However, it is an exciting topic to explore. Possible research topics under this field of tourism are listed below:

Topic 1: How Local Communities Can Benefit Commercially and Socially from Tours to Death/Casualty Sites – A Qualitative Study

Research Aim: This research will explore the various benefits that local communities can experience from touring death or casualty sites.

Topic 2: Attitude and Perception of Tourists Towards Taj Mahal in India

Research Aim: Taj Mahal can be categorised as a dark tourism site because many people consider it a mausoleum. This research will discuss the attitude and perceptions of tourists when visiting the Taj Mahal.

Topic 3: To Investigate and Identify the Factors Influencing Tourists’ Decisions to Visit gGrief Sites in the UK

Research Aim: This research will explore the factors that influence the decisions of tourists to visit grief sites in the UK.

Topic 4: Is Mercat Tour in Scotland a Grief Tourism Site for Potential Tourists?

Research Aim: Mercat Tour in Scotland is considered a ghost site. This study will explore what makes this site a dark tourism destination.

Topic 5: Developing a Highly Effective Marketing Strategy to Promote London Dungeon Among the Tourists

Research Aim: This research will understand the various marketing strategies undertaken to promote the London Dungeon amongst tourists.

Topic 6: What are the Primary Factors Influencing British Tourists’ Decision to Choose Grief Sites?

Research Aim: This research will understand the various factors that influence British tourists’ decision to select a dark tourism site.

Topic 7: Developing a Marketing Strategy to Promote Beaumaris Prison in Wales as Another Black Tourism Site in Britain

Research Aim: This research will focus on developing a successful marketing strategy that will help promote Beaumaris Prison in Wales as a black tourism site in Britain.

Topic 8: How are Man-made Grief tourism Sites are Perceived by British Tourists?

Research Aim: This research will discover how British tourists perceive man-made dark tourism destinations.

Comparing the Man-made Black Tourism Sites with the Natural Disaster Grief Sites from the Perspective of Tourists

Research Aim: This research will compare manmade and natural dark tourism destinations with a focus on tourists’ perceptions.

Topic 10: Do the Local Communities Economically Benefit from Tourists Visiting Dark Tourism Sites?

Research Aim: This research will explore whether or not local communities are impacted in any way when dark tourist sites in their locality are visited.

Sustainability and Tourism Dissertation Topics

At its core, this field of tourism primarily focuses on the way tourists can live harmoniously with the planet earth. Ecotourist sites or sustainable tourist sites are those that promote fauna and flora and cultural heritage. Another objective of eco-tourism is to provide social and economic opportunities to local communities. Some interesting topics worth exploring, in this area, are suggested below:

Topic 1: Investigating the Impact of the Internet on the Growth of Eco-tourism in the UK

Research Aim: This research will study the impact of the internet on the rising eco-tourism trend in the UK.

Topic 2: Factors Affecting British Customers’ Decision of Choosing an Eco-tourism

Research Aim: This research will study the reason why British tourists opt for an eco-tourism site as compared to traditional destinations.

Topic 3: Establishing and Discussing Strategies to Promote Swansea as the Best Eco-tourist Spot in the UK

Research Aim: This research will discuss the various ways through which Swansea can be promoted as the best eco-tourist spot in the UK.

Topic 4: Analysing the Role of Price in the Selection of Eco-tourism Destinations

Research Aim: This research will understand the various factors that influence the tourists’ decision to choose an eco-friendly site for their next holiday destination.

Topic 5: Examining the Use of Integrated Marketing Communication Tools to Promote Eco-tourism in Great Britain

Research Aim: This research will study and analyze the different ways through which integrated marketing communication tools should be used to promote eco-tourism in the UK.

Topic 6: Comparing Developing World Eco-tourism Sites Against Western Eco-tourism Sites

Research Aim: This study will compare developing eco-tourism sites and developed or Western eco-tourism sites. The study will conclude which sites tourists prefer and what factors lead them to their decision.

Topic 7: Does Eco-tourism Develop Social and Economic Opportunities for Local Communities?

Research Aim: This research will explore whether or not eco-tourism helps develop social and economic opportunities in the local communities. If it does, the study will explore those factors as well.

Topic 8: Exploring the Factors Affecting the Buying Decisions of Customers Interested in Eco-tourism Sites

Research Aim: This research will identify and discuss the various factors that affect the buying decision of customers who are interested in eco-tourism sites. These factors will then be explored in detail in this study.

Topic 9: Analysis of the Potential of Edinburgh as an Eco-tourism Site in the UK

Research Aim: This research will compare manmade and natural dark tourism destinations and will also include tourists’ perceptions.

Topic 10: Assessing the Impact of Grass Root level Education in Promoting Sustainable Tourism in Europe – A Review of the Literature

Research Aim: This research will discuss the impact of grass root level education to promote sustainable tourism in Europe. The study will be based on the qualitative research method.

Important Notes:

As a tourism and hospitality student looking to get good grades, it is essential to develop new ideas and experiment on existing tourism and hospitality theories – i.e., to add value and interest in your research topic.

The field of tourism and hospitality is vast and interrelated to so many other academic disciplines like civil engineering , construction , law , engineering management , healthcare , mental health , artificial intelligence , physiotherapy , sociology , management , marketing and nursing . That is why it is imperative to create a project management dissertation topic that is articular, sound, and actually solves a practical problem that may be rampant in the field.

We can’t stress how important it is to develop a logical research topic; it is the basis of your entire research. There are several significant downfalls to getting your topic wrong; your supervisor may not be interested in working on it, the topic has no academic creditability, the research may not make logical sense, there is a possibility that the study is not viable.

This impacts your time and efforts in writing your dissertation as you may end up in the cycle of rejection at the very initial stage of the dissertation. That is why we recommend reviewing existing research to develop a topic, taking advice from your supervisor, and even asking for help in this particular stage of your dissertation.

While developing a research topic, keeping our advice in mind will allow you to pick one of the best tourism and hospitality dissertation topics that fulfil your requirement of writing a research paper and add to the body of knowledge.

Therefore, it is recommended that when finalizing your dissertation topic, you read recently published literature to identify gaps in the research that you may help fill.

Remember- dissertation topics need to be unique, solve an identified problem, be logical, and be practically implemented. Please take a look at some of our sample tourism and hospitality dissertation topics to get an idea for your dissertation.

How to Structure your Tourism and Hospitality Dissertation

A well-structured dissertation can help students to achieve a high overall academic grade.

A Title Page
Acknowledgements
Declaration
Abstract: A summary of the research completed
Table of Contents
Introduction : This chapter includes the project rationale, research background, key research aims and objectives, and the research problems to be addressed. An outline of the structure of a dissertation can also be added to this chapter.
Literature Review : This chapter presents relevant theories and frameworks by analysing published and unpublished literature available on the chosen research topic, in light of research questions to be addressed. The purpose is to highlight and discuss the relative weaknesses and strengths of the selected research area while identifying any research gaps. Break down of the topic, and key terms can have a positive impact on your dissertation and your tutor.
Methodology: The data collection and analysis methods and techniques employed by the researcher are presented in the Methodology chapter which usually includes research design, research philosophy, research limitations, code of conduct, ethical consideration, data collection methods, and data analysis strategy .
Findings and Analysis: Findings of the research are analysed in detail under the Findings and Analysis chapter. All key findings/results are outlined in this chapter without interpreting the data or drawing any conclusions. It can be useful to include graphs , charts, and tables in this chapter to identify meaningful trends and relationships.
Discussion and Conclusion: The researcher presents his interpretation of results in this chapter, and states whether the research hypothesis has been verified or not. An essential aspect of this section is to establish the link between the results and evidence from the literature. Recommendations with regards to implications of the findings and directions for the future may also be provided. Finally, a summary of the overall research, along with final judgments, opinions, and comments, must be included in the form of suggestions for improvement.
References: Make sure to complete this in accordance with your University’s requirements
Bibliography
Appendices: Any additional information, diagrams, graphs that were used to complete the dissertation but not part of the dissertation should be included in the Appendices chapter. Essentially, the purpose is to expand the information/data.

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A review of early COVID-19 research in tourism: Launching the Annals of Tourism Research 's Curated Collection on coronavirus and tourism 1

a Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Carol X. Zhang

b University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

Jillian M. Rickly

Associated data.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unparalleled impacts to the global tourism industry, thus inspiring a wave of academic research. This paper presents a review of the early literature on COVID-19 and tourism, representing 249 papers. The analysis revealed five key themes: (1) psychological effects and behavior; (2) responses, strategies, and resilience; (3) sustainable futures; (4) impact monitoring, valuation, and forecasting; and (5) technology adoption. However, this research also raises questions about theoretical contribution, methodologies, and future research potential. This article also launches the Annals of Tourism Research 's Curated Collection on coronavirus and tourism. The Collection contains all past articles published in Annals of Tourism Research on the topic and will continue to grow as new articles are added.

Graphical abstract

Introduction

COVID-19 has had an indisputable impact on tourism. Yet, the extent and longevity of this pandemic are yet to be fully grasped. Nevertheless, tourism researchers have strived to capture change as it happens, reflect on the pandemic's importance, and forecast tourism's future. One year into this global crisis presents an opportune time to take stock of the field. To that end, this paper critically reviews the current tourism literature on COVID-19. In so doing, this article also launches the Annals of Tourism Research 's Curated Collection on COVID-19 and tourism. The Collection will function as a living archive of COVID-19 research in the journal.

In December 2019, global news media began reporting on a novel coronavirus infecting people in Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei province in central China. The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that the virus had spread and declared the new coronavirus strain an emerging international public health threat in January 2020. The organization officially named the virus “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).” Lockdown and quarantine measures were implemented in Wuhan at that time and later extended to all of China—and subsequently the world. In March 2020, WHO declared “coronavirus disease 2019,” otherwise called COVID-19, a global pandemic. More than 90% of people worldwide were living under travel restrictions two months later ( Asquith, 2020 ).

By July 2020, infection rates had slowed, and travel restrictions were eased to varying degrees around the globe. The world witnessed the fluid opening and closing of travel corridors and travel bubbles as infection rates rose and fell ( Sharun et al., 2020 ). However, as September 2020 approached, health professionals began warning of a potential second wave of infections as the northern hemisphere was poised to enter autumn. Cooler temperatures would drive people indoors and coincide with a return to university, with some students traveling long distances. Indeed, infection rates spiked in November. Amid concern about the upcoming holidays, many governments reinstituted lockdowns and imposed stricter travel regulations (WHO, 2021) . New variants began to be reported around this time as well. Meanwhile, promising news began to circulate regarding vaccine development, leading to an air of optimism around a possible “return to normal” in 2021. In tourism, specifically, additional rhetoric related to a “new normal” and “building back better” began circulating in the industry.

Against this backdrop of pandemic impacts and opportunities, this paper critically reviews the tourism literature related to COVID-19. This differs from other systematic literature reviews and bibliometric analyses, which draw upon a study area's expansion over time because research on COVID-19 has a distinct starting point. Many journal articles on the topic have been published over the last year, with more forthcoming. It is acknowledged that “you cannot step into the same river twice”; the flood of COVID-19 research is constant, as is variance in the pandemic. Nevertheless, one year into this crisis, it reaches a critical mass of research and a suitable point at which to reflect on the field. It is an ideal time to assess key findings and identify gaps to be addressed in future studies.

Towards this objective, 513 papers on COVID-19 and tourism published through January 11, 2021, were reviewed. Each articles' suitability was evaluated following the systematic review method ( Pickering & Byrne, 2014 ), yielding 249 journal articles for analysis. These papers were then read, thematically coded, and subjected to keyword analysis. This review begins with a brief overview of crisis and disaster management. Next the methodology is elaborated, namely thematic analysis and keyword analysis. Then, the major research themes identified are described: (1) psychological effects and behavior; (2) response, strategies, and resilience; (3) a sustainable future; (4) impact monitoring, valuation, and forecasting; and (5) technology adoption. Finally, several prevalent issues in current COVID-19 research are discussed, and areas for future work are outlined. Notably, a lack of theoretical development is a concerning trend in this body of literature, raising questions about the significance of current COVID-19 research for the advancement of tourism theories.

COVID-19: crisis or disaster?

The COVID-19 pandemic is often conceptualized as a type of crisis or disaster. It is thus essential to examine the definition of each term before discussing the state of tourism research on the pandemic. The 21st century has seen increased sensitivity and awareness to crisis and disaster management in the global tourism industry. Although the terms “crisis” and “disaster” are often used interchangeably, some scholars have pointed out differences. Notably, Faulkner (2001) differentiated a disaster from a crisis as follows: a disaster occurs when “an enterprise … is confronted with sudden, unpredictable catastrophic changes over which it has little control” (p. 136). By contrast, a crisis is at least partially attributable to internal organizational structures. A crisis thus refers here to internal events, whereas a disaster concerns external events.

In terms of COVID-19, a few researchers have argued that it is important to conceptualize the pandemic as a disaster to better understand how external factors (e.g., viral outbreaks) influence tourism (e.g., Hao et al., 2020 ). Conversely, a large number of researchers maintain that the notions of disaster and crisis are interchangeable in relation to COVID-19's role in tourism ( Hall et al., 2020 ). A large-scale event such as COVID-19 will inevitably trigger internal and external challenges. In this vein, crises and disasters are unexpected occurrences that threaten the operation of tourism-related businesses, compromise destination reputation, and influence traveler confidence ( Ritchie & Jiang, 2019 ). Hence, in this review article, crisis and disaster are treated as interchangeable terms.

Research methodology

Literature search.

In order to review the early literature on COVID-19 and tourism, several steps suggested by Pickering and Byrne (2014) were followed for obtaining relevant literature. To begin, search keywords were identified including: “coronavirus tourism,” “pandemics tourism,” “pandemic tourism,” “COVID tourism,” “coronavirus tourist,” “pandemics tourist,” “pandemic tourist,” and “COVID tourist.” These were searched in two major databases – Google Scholar and the Web of Science (WoS) – with results limited to articles published in 2020 and 2021. Different from WoS, which only covers papers from WoS-indexed journals, conference papers, and books, Google Scholar provides records from an array of publications, including non-WoS-indexed journals. Moreover, unlike other databases, Google Scholar can in most cases search for keywords in full-text sources; this parameter improves search efficiency. Google Scholar also quickly indexes publications once they become available online, a process that can take weeks or even months on other traditional databases. This proved useful considering the limited timescale of publications for this review. On WoS, keywords were searched within the “social science journals” category. Search results were also checked from EBSCO and Scopus to ensure no studies in tourism and hospitality management had been inadvertently excluded.

Further refinements included limiting the sample to English publications and assessing the role of COVID-19 in the research presented. Many papers, such as that of Zhang and Yang (2020) , only briefly discussed tourism implications in the (post-)COVID-19 era without integrating this context in their research framework. Such articles were removed from the sample. Importantly, the sample was not limited to tourism and hospitality journals, as social science journals outside of this field offer insight into how COVID-19 and tourism are intertwined with multiple perspectives and contexts. As a result of this screening process in January 2021, the final sample consisted of 249 papers from 76 academic journals in and outside tourism. All were downloaded, and details were entered into a spreadsheet for data management.

Sample description

Table 1 provides a summary of the sample ( Pickering & Byrne, 2014 ) by (1) journal, (2) geographic area of study, (3) unit of analysis, and (4) research methods.

Summary table of literature.

Among the 76 journals featuring papers on COVID-19 and tourism, the top five (based on number of publications) were International Journal of Hospitality Management , Current Issues in Tourism , Tourism Geographies , Annals of Tourism Research , and Anatolia . These journals represent several highly ranked outlets in tourism and hospitality management per various metrics ( Gursoy & Sandstrom, 2016 ). Aside from traditional tourism and hospitality journals, relevant publications also appeared in journals from disciplines such as general business (e.g., Journal of Business Research ), geography (e.g., Dialogues in Human Geography ), public health (e.g., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ), information systems (e.g., Journal of Statistics and Management Systems ), sociology (e.g., International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy ), human development (e.g., Early Human Development ), public affairs (e.g., Journal of Public Affairs ), transport (e.g., Transport Reviews ), and area-specific studies (e.g., Development Southern Africa ). Additionally, the structure of the publications is noteworthy. Many authors appeared interested in publishing their findings in a timely manner without developing their research into a full-length article; many papers were hence in brief formats, such as research notes or short communications. Therefore, full-length research articles were less common than anticipated. Instead, research notes, commentaries, letters, and other short communications were prominent. In particular, a considerable number of articles were published in formats that did not require external peer reviews, such as letters to editors and commentaries.

Table 1 also lists the top five most researched countries/regions in the sample. Studies on the United States and China dominated, accounting for 21.8% and 20.3% of publications, respectively. Fig. 1 depicts the location of researched countries/regions. Europe (especially southern Europe) and Asia (especially East Asia and Southeast Asia) seemed particularly popular. Other geographical regions remain understudied, such as South America, the Middle East, and Africa.

Map of researched countries/regions.

Publications were further classified based on the unit of analysis. Individual-level studies considered how COVID-19 has influenced people's perceptions, behavior, psychology, and well-being, including among (potential) tourists, industry employees, and destination residents. This category comprised 37.35% of publications in the sample. Common research topics included tourists' perceived risks of traveling during the pandemic ( Nguyen & Coca-Stefaniak, 2020 ), employees' psychological responses to the pandemic ( Chen, 2020 ), and residents' attitudinal and behavioral changes ( Tse & Tung, 2021 ). Organization-level studies evaluated COVID-19's impact on organizations' operational and financial performance ( Sharma & Nicolau, 2020 ) and examined organizational responses and resilience to the pandemic ( Sobaih et al., 2021 ). Several publications in this category specifically addressed organizational resilience, providing generalizable insight for crisis management. The sample contained 10.44% organization-level studies. Destination-level studies accounted for 16.47% of collected publications. These studies evaluated the pandemic's effects on destinations (e.g., cities, regions, and countries) ( Yang, Altschuler, Liang, & Li, 2021 ) and discussed strategies and policies to alleviate its adverse consequences ( Collins-Kreiner & Ram, 2020 ). Industry/sub-industry-level studies focused on how the pandemic has influenced the tourism industry and sub-industries such as hotels ( Lai & Wong, 2020 ), home-sharing ( Dolnicar & Zare, 2020 ), airlines ( Gallego & Font, 2021 ), and cruise lines ( Choquet & Sam-Lefebvre, 2021 ). This category represented 35.74% of all publications, and many such papers were conceptual studies.

Regarding research methodologies, nearly half of the chosen publications (48.59%) were conceptual, as evidenced by frequent commentary pieces. Quantitative methods were much more popular than qualitative approaches. Among the sample, 40.56% of papers were quantitative; only 10.44% were qualitative. Favored quantitative methods included surveys, econometric analysis, text analytics, experiments, and forecasting. A large portion of quantitative studies relied on survey data and adopted multivariate statistical analysis (e.g., structural equation modeling) to examine the impacts of COVID-19–related constructs (e.g., perceived risk and uncertainty) on various tourism consequences (e.g., behavioral intention and well-being) (e.g., Nguyen & Coca-Stefaniak, 2020 ). Econometric analyses were mostly based on secondary sources and included COVID-19–related variables (e.g., lockdown policies and confirmed cases) in econometric models (e.g., Sharma & Nicolau, 2020 ). Text analytics were utilized to examine textual data from social media, public media, and published reports to uncover related themes, topics, and sentiments (e.g., Lu & Zheng, 2021 ). Experimental studies were performed to solicit individuals' responses under different pandemic scenarios and to compare patterns across these situations (e.g., Zhang et al., 2020 ). Given the great uncertainty accompanying the pandemic, tourism forecasting has become vital to projecting tourism-related recovery; many quantitative studies applied assorted models to yield forecasts in the (post-)COVID-19 era (e.g., Škare et al., 2021 ). Within qualitative research, interviews, case studies, and content analysis were most common. Only one study in the sample used a mixed method, adopting a survey to gather quantitative data and holding interviews to generate qualitative findings ( Brizek et al., 2021 ).

Keyword co-frequency analysis and qualitative thematic analysis

In order to understand the topical areas of tourism research undertaken in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, keyword co-frequency analysis, a form of content analysis, was performed using Textometrica online software. This process clarified topical areas of tourism research related to COVID-19 and assisted in devising a structure for presenting the findings. Textometrica is an open-access online tool that analyzes word co-occurrences within discrete text blocks using connected concept analysis through min-max normalization ( Lindgren & Palm, 2011 ). Textometrica then produces visualization maps in which the sizes of nodes signify occurrence frequency, and the thickness of the edge connecting nodes indicates the strength of their co-occurrence.

For this review, Textometrica was used in conjunction with qualitative thematic analysis (see also Fellenor et al., 2018 ). This resulted in an iterative process in which the researchers used the initial output from Textometrica analysis to discern potential themes in keywords, which could then be combined or separated to illustrate trends in the chosen research articles. All author-provided keywords for the 224 papers in the sample were first imported into Microsoft Excel (some publications, such as research notes and commentaries, had no keywords so these were created). The first step involved cleaning for uniformity (i.e., US spelling). This step also included the removal of common denominator terms such as “COVID,” “pandemic,” “tourism,” and so on, as these were the search criteria for the sample and overshadowed topical research areas. Further, multiple word concepts were joined to reduce redundancy from Textometrica and to highlight their frequent co-occurrence (e.g., “mental health” = MentalHealth ; “climate change” = ClimateChange ; “social media” = SocialMedia ).

Next, consistency of terminology and topical representation was refined. To further reduce redundancy, similar terms were combined. For example, all mentions of “social distancing,” “physical distancing,” “distant service,” and so on were merged into simply Distancing . Then, the Textometrica output was employed to assist in the construction of themes to capture related terms that individually appeared infrequently in the sample but collectively represented a notable topic. For example, the theme of Equity encompassed the topics of equity, rights, values, justice, inequalities, discrimination, and so on. Similarly, the Emotions theme reflected stress, loneliness, anxiety, fear, and nostalgia, while Hygiene included hygiene, cleanliness, sanitation, and cleaning, among others.

After several rounds of Textometrica analysis and revisiting the keywords, the final visualization was created ( Fig. 2 ). This map was built from a keyword frequency range of 2–34 (min-max) across 91 distinct terms, leading to a co-occurrence range of 2–16 (min-max). In this case, 62 co-occurrences were mapped thus representing the strongest frequencies in the sample. This map informed the arrangement of topical areas discussed in the findings.

Keyword co-frequency visualization.

Findings: major research themes

Psychological effects and behavior.

Within the keyword co-frequency analysis, two areas related to the psychological effects of the pandemic prevail in the sample. First, the themes of Well-being , Mental Health , and Emotions form the central nodes of a cluster in the upper right quadrant of Fig. 2 . Second, in the lower left quadrant, another important aspect of psychological consequences and travel behavior can be observed: Risk is most strongly connected to Perceived , which is subsequently connected to Visit Intention while also linking to Behavior and Health .

When considering psychological effects and individuals' behavior during crises and disasters, the notions of risk, threat, and uncertainty heavily influence people's mental states and emotions ( Ritchie & Jiang, 2019 ). Psychologists argue that fear is a common response to a pandemic ( Van Bavel et al., 2020 ). COVID-19-related research on psychological effects and behavior thus largely focuses on how people feel and respond to risk, its implications for behavior, and its impacts on tourism businesses' operations.

Risk perceptions

Risk is strongly associated with various types of crises and disasters ( Williams & Baláž, 2015 ). It thus comes as no surprise that risk perceptions were prominent in the literature. Many early commentaries attributed the decline in tourist numbers to global travel restrictions as well as to tourists' growing attention to risk, hygiene-related safety, and cleanliness. For example, Bae and Chang (2021) examine tourists' cognitive and affective risk perceptions in relation to behavior and conclude that travelers preferred “untact” tourism in South Korea due to travel restrictions and social distancing. Additionally, the pandemic's long duration has offered opportunities to closely examine tourists' behavior during crises and disasters, a topic that was previously overlooked. For example, Zhang et al. (2020) conceptualize risk as a shared emotion that mediates tourists' responses to disadvantaged price inequality during the pandemic. Rather than simply describing the pandemic's impact on individuals, Zheng et al. (2021) take a further step and contend that “travel fear” can evoke different coping strategies, thereby increasing tourists' psychological resilience and cautious travel behavior. More generally, Cai and Leung (2020) investigate how the interplay of a construal mindset and message frames affects consumers' purchase intentions around online food deliveries during the pandemic. They also explore the moderating effects of risk propensity.

Many studies delved into how incoming tourists will influence residents' risk perceptions during the COVID-19 era. A protective mindset to mitigate perceived risk from “outsiders” (i.e., tourists) in local communities appears common in the COVID-19 literature. Topics include residents' discrimination against tourists (e.g., Tse and Tung, 2021 ), being unwelcoming towards certain tourists (e.g., cruise tourists) (e.g., Renaud, 2020 ), and being sympathetic towards international travelers ( Thyne et al., 2020 ). The pandemic also triggered reflections on research pertaining to risk and tourism-related diseases: Chen et al. (2021) analyze 115 articles related to the risk of tourism-related diseases and observe the absence of a theoretical framework for studies on disease risk management.

Well-being and mental health

Many negative emotions are associated with the COVID-19 outbreak and can affect people's well-being and mental health. These are also associated with risk perception studies, particularly when social distancing and travel restrictions coincide with isolation and loneliness. While such emotions affect mental health and well-being, few studies have examined tourists' emotional responses and coping strategies related to (non-)travel during the pandemic. One exception came from Buckley and Westaway (2020) , who argue that walking-in-nature tourism products for women have psychotherapeutic benefits.

Others investigate the roles of employees' feelings, emotions, and well-being under the stress of COVID-19. Mao, He, Morrison, & Andres Coca-Stefaniak (2021) suggest that the risks and challenges of the pandemic can be more effectively addressed through joint efforts from companies and staff. They also examine the effects of tourism-related CSR on employees' psychological capital during times of crisis, claiming that CSR positively influences employees' self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism. In acknowledging the importance of safety procedures in mitigating customers' risk perceptions, Hu et al. (2021) explore how organizations can carefully comply with safety measures in the hospitality industry to facilitate employee compliance and enhance employees' well-being.

Motivation and behavioral intention

Motivation and behavioral intention are integral aspects of consumer psychology and underlie individuals' perceptions, emotions, and ultimate behavior. Motivation-related tourism research has often involved discussions of risk, threats, and uncertainty regarding crises and disasters. The motivations behind many tourist activities were previously rooted in sociality and the interaction of people and places. However, as social distancing, quarantines, and global travel restrictions become increasingly embedded in everyday life, the ways tourists interact with people and places through travel are being altered and in turn shaping behavioral intentions. Tourism commentaries describe these risk-related motivations. For example, Bhati, Mohammadi, Agarwal, Kamble, & Donough-Tan (2021) discuss health-protective motivations and behavior. Rachmawati and Shishido (2020) address travelers' motivations to travel abroad amid COVID-19. A few empirical studies explore specific motives during the pandemic: Kock et al. (2020) apply evolutionary psychology to underline disease avoidance as the main tourist motivation during the pandemic. Relatedly, Huang & Liu (2020) assess the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) marketing in terms of COVID-19–inspired altruism on past tourists' donation intentions.

Responses, strategies, and resilience: organization and government

As discussed above, the COVID-19 pandemic relates to both crisis and/or disaster management perspectives. Prominent themes in the keyword co-occurrence analysis, as shown in the left central portion of Fig. 2 , include Crisis —a frequently used concept in relation to Management that also connects with Health and Impact , specifically economic impact. Management represents a large and central node, connecting to Destination , Strategy , and Recovery , which subsequently links to Policy . Relatedly, the theme of Resilience occasionally appears in studies on destination management and recovery strategies; however, this theme is more often used in relation to future sustainability.

Businesses and governments are increasingly recognizing resilience as a crisis/disaster management tool that helps them respond to pandemic-related challenges. Resilience suggests that destination recovery depends on destinations' ability to adapt to external disturbances ( Cochrane, 2010 ). Tourism resilience also applies beyond destinations, including to organizations, communities, and other stakeholders ( Filimonau et al., 2020 ). Unsurprisingly, resilience is something of a buzzword in COVID-19 research. Sharma, Thomas, and Paul (2021) propose a resilience-based framework for revitalizing the global tourism industry and moving towards a sustainable future. This section reviews organizational and government responses, where resilience is often embedded within these responses to facilitate recovery from various angles.

Governments

Governments across different nations have been working diligently to aid the industry and support various initiatives guiding a return to “normal.” The success or failure of tourism is largely a function of political and administrative action ( Richter, 1989 ). The resilience of organizations and destinations during the pandemic is accordingly contingent on government responses and policy. Social distancing, travel restrictions, and quarantines emerge in nearly all discussions of COVID-19, including tourism. Hence, many tourism studies have considered government responses to COVID-19 and argue for proactive government interventions to boost the economy (e.g., Hall et al., 2020 ; Sharma, Shin, et al., 2021 ). Some commentaries reveal how governments have implemented innovative strategies during the pandemic (e.g., Choi et al., 2021 ; Collins-Kreiner & Ram, 2020 ). For example, Collins-Kreiner and Ram (2020) review national tourism strategies in seven countries during the pandemic and find that only a small proportion of UNWTO recommendations were fully implemented. Others discuss an indigenous-informed approach to enact socially sensible pandemic policies (e.g., Carr, 2020 ).

With respect to destination resilience, the aim is to bolster destination stakeholders' resilience to better manage future disasters. Governments often play a supportive and coordinating role. Fong et al. (2021) demonstrate that a host community could predict a swift tourism recovery if members perceived their government as controlling the pandemic well. Similarly, the increasing affective rate among cruise ships motivated Choquet and Sam-Lefebvre (2021) to analyze the legal framework for coastal governments to manage health-related risks and argue for inter-country cooperation to overcome pandemic conflicts. Others assume a destination marketing perspective to explore COVID-19's effects on destination image and the implications for destination management ( Ahmad, Jamaludin, Zuraimi, & Valeri, 2021 ). However, detailed empirical analysis of the public sector is relatively limited, including in terms of policy implications for tourism businesses. Lessons on how to better manage future disasters, especially from a government perspective, must continue to be learned.

Organizational responses

As the pandemic has affected tourism on an unprecedented scale, many innovations have been developed to build business resilience. Non-technological responses are profiled here; innovative technological responses will be introduced later. In comparing crisis management practices in hotels between the initial and pandemic stages of COVID-19, Lai and Wong (2020) examine shifts in hotel managers' mentalities and their responses to COVID-19. Building emotional connections with tourists has also been deemed essential to pandemic-related marketing ( Chen, 2020 ). Ratten (2020a) reviews the potential integration between crisis management and entrepreneurship from cultural, social, and lifestyle entrepreneurship perspectives.

Effective leadership is crucial during crises such as COVID-19. Leadership can bring individuals together in addition to modeling expected behavior during a pandemic. Im et al. (2021) analyze hospitality CEOs' letters to understand how leaders strove to respond to the pandemic. Alonso et al. (2020) discuss coping strategies for hospitality managers facing the pandemic to foster business resilience. Others have explored how managers chose to oversee relationships in the tourism supply chain (e.g., González-Torres et al., 2021 ). The ongoing nature of the pandemic has offered opportunities for comparative studies as well: Lai and Wong (2020) compare crisis management practices in the hotel industry between the initial and pandemic stages of COVID-19.

Upon reflecting on the pandemic's impacts, some researchers have called for stronger integration of organizations' CSR to promote resilience against future disruptions. Ou et al. (2021) illustrate the co-evolution of crisis for restaurant chains and their stakeholders, noting the importance of collaborating for recovery. Qiu, Park, et al. (2020) suggest that community-related CSR in particular has a rapid positive effect on businesses' financial recovery during COVID-19.

Sustainable futures

In the upper left quadrant of Fig. 2 , Sustainability is a large central node housing many themes in COVID-19 research, including Climate Change , Equity , Hope , Resilience , and Opportunity . The theme of Sustainability thus serves as a catch-all to elevate many research areas in the context of the pandemic. Indeed, COVID-19 studies of sustainability often implore scholars to rethink their understanding of sustainability, to situate this concept within an ever-changing world, and to imagine an innovative and sustainable future. This research examines questions related to power dynamics, the ex/inclusivity of current socioeconomic and political systems, and why the pandemic might present an opportunity for systemic change. The themes Transformati on and Hope also apply to sustainability-related tourism studies, linked with the themes Inclusive and Equity as shown in Fig. 2 .

Sustainability

Sustainability has long been a core tenet of tourism industry ambitions. It has inspired rigorous research and heated debate around the term's meaning, principles, and benchmarks. Thus, it is unsurprising that this topic appears repeatedly in the COVID-19 literature. In the earliest days of the pandemic, when flights were canceled, work-from-home orders were issued, and borders closed, many people around the world observed improvements in air quality and reductions in noise pollution. These immediate changes inspired Cooper and Alderman (2020) to assert that the industry must take triple bottom line sustainability more seriously. A reduction in greenhouse gases is essential to the future of the planet, but in advocating a triple bottom line approach, they also remind this must be balanced alongside the maintenance of resilient local economies (see also Jones & Comfort, 2020 ; Newsome, 2020 ). Galvani et al. (2020) take this stance a step further by arguing that, to achieve sustainability, the concept must be valued in individuals' everyday lives, who then embody its principles in their own businesses and political decisions (see also Corbisiero & La Rocca, 2020 ).

While overtourism was among the trendiest topics pre-COVID, the consequences of the pandemic have led some to reflect on the longevity of the phenomenon. Similar to the line of thinking that the cessation of travel presents an opportunity for introducing more sustainable systems at the destination level ( Swaikoski, 2020 ), researchers of overtourism highlight the importance of curbing the impacts of too many tourists for destination infrastructure and building back community resilience (see Koh, 2020 ). The previous pervasiveness of overtourism has been complemented by a series of articles on undertourism and destinations' socioeconomic dependency on tourism ( Romagosa, 2020 ). Considering this discussion around the need for change to support future sustainability, what practical implications can be drawn from the literature? Much of what has been written to date is largely descriptive and conceptual. While important for inspiring conversation and future studies, this level of abstraction leaves stakeholders with few actionable ideas.

The more common approach in this literature has been to argue that the current thinking about sustainability is simply insufficient: scholars must rethink their conceptualizations and theoretical assumptions. Higgins-Desbiolles (2020) states that more responsible approaches will not be enough to drive this “reset” forward. Instead, tourism stakeholders need a community-centered framework that prioritizes the rights and aspirations of destination communities with specific attention to tourism as a public good ( Higgins-Desbiolles, 2020 ). Carr (2020) recommends that turning to indigenous knowledge (e.g., the Maori) for resilient solutions is paramount. Doing so will enable practitioners to attend to the social needs and cultural values that are critical for building a “more positive global society.” Similarly, Everingham and Chassagne (2020) propose an alternative to the neoliberal, capitalist, neocolonial framing of tourism through a “Buen Vivir” approach, which espouses a degrowth strategy emphasizing social and environmental well-being.

Inclusivity

In addition to the cluster of literature on rethinking sustainability models and frameworks, there is also a critical mass of tourism scholarship highlighting the significance of greater inclusivity to sustainable tourism futures. In particular, Tomassini and Cavagnaro (2020) suggest that a return to Massey's (2005) theorization of power geometry sheds light on the inequalities of the pandemic's effects. In critiquing neoliberal capitalism, Massey (2005) presented an understanding of space as a multi-relational network of power dynamics. Applying this perspective, Tomassini and Cavagnaro (2020) argue that the imbalance in power relations held by the global tourism industry has rendered local relations fragile in the face of the pandemic, thereby necessitating a refocus on local-level wellbeing, safety, security, and a (re-) activation of local networks. Relatedly, Ratten (2020b) contends that the COVID-19 crisis has opened destination communities to stronger dialogue on social policy and support for value co-creation through local entrepreneurship. An example of such value co-creation is explored by Pardo & Ladeiras (2020) project “Tourism in flight mode: Thinking together through post Covid-19 tourism”, which was a digital platform for participants to offer potential tourism recovery products.

Hopeful and transformative approaches

Rather than a natural phenomenon, there has been a strong response among political ecologists to affirm COVID-19 as a socioeconomic disaster. Denaturalizing the pandemic, argues Mostafanezhad (2020) , opens an opportunity for hopeful scholarship. Rather than human or natural “error,” the crisis is an opportunity to shed light on structural inequalities and work towards a more just society. This hopeful perspective can be found among several COVID-19 publications.

Hopeful scholarship, according to Pernecky (2020) , has evolved out of the moral imperatives of sustainability and the acceptance that researchers are value-driven producers of knowledge with an eye towards a more inclusive, equitable, and sustainable society. Pernecky (2020) identifies several types of hopeful research—critical hope, hope-as-utopia, transformative hope, radical hope, and pragmatic hope—and contends that the pandemic, as a moment of crisis, has evoked a renewed sense of care, mindfulness, and anti-consumerism. More specifically, Crossley (2020) identifies a reaction of “ecological grief” as society witnessed lower air pollution, animals' reclamation of urban spaces, and collective reflection on social media–driven lifestyles. This ecological grief, she argues, suggests a greater interest in environmental healing, which ties into broader agendas of hopeful tourism.

Hopeful tourism shares some commonalities with transformative and regenerative tourism, more broadly. Rowen (2020) recommends incorporating the creative, pro-social aspects of transformational festival culture, often associated with events such as Burning Man, with tourism post-COVID. The resulting transformational tourism would push beyond responsible and sustainable practices, to encourage the breakdown of host-guest divides through a shared sense of humanity which prioritize participatory action and civic responsibility. Ateljevic (2020) and Cave & Dredge (2020) expand upon this notion by advocating for regenerative tourism. Ateljevic (2020) identifies a “silent revolution” driven by public good and conscious citizenship, in which personal (inner) transformation is being reflected outward in everyday practices. Yet, in conceptualizing regenerative tourism, Cave and Dredge (2020), focus more on the complexity of the economics, suggesting not for complete dismantling of capitalism but rather diverse economies – the co-existence of capitalism, alternative capitalism, and non-capitalist agendas – as offering more opportunities and therefore more resilience to destination communities.

Impact monitoring, valuation, and forecasting

As the pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to the global tourism industry, timely impact monitoring and valuation are vital for decision-making at different levels. These activities constitute a prominent area of interest across much of the sample, as seen in the lower central area of Fig. 2 : Impact connects with Crisis and Economic . Centrally in Fig. 2 , Forecasting and Demand each connect to Recovery . Some studies present a comprehensive overview of COVID-19's potential effects on tourism. Using a tourism systems approach, Bausch, Gartner, & Ortanderl (2021) develop an impact grid to understand the pandemic's consequences on tourism among subjects (e.g., tourists and locals) and objects (e.g., destinations and intermediaries). This tool can help practitioners better monitor and evaluate the effects of policies and interventions on the tourism system. Sigala (2020) details the impact of COVID-19 on tourism from the perspectives of three major tourism stakeholders (i.e., tourism demand, tourism operators, and destinations and policymakers) at the pandemic's response, recovery, and reset stages. The author argues that innovative and explanatory research serve different stakeholders' needs. Yang, Altschuler, Liang, & Li (2021) devise a COVID19tourism index to monitor the pandemic's impact on the global tourism industry, including five sub-indices to track COVID-19's effects on different aspects of tourism activities. Using this tool, destinations can evaluate their recovery status, produce rigorous forecasts, and benchmark themselves against possible competitors.

Economic impact analysis

Economic impact analysis can help identify economic losses associated with the pandemic and how these losses affect interconnected economic sectors and parties. Traditional economic impact analysis tools, such as econometric analysis and macro-economic models, have been applied to calibrate COVID-19's economic impact across regions. Huang et al. (2020) use econometric analysis to examine the effects of the pandemic and intervention policies on the US labor supply in tourism-related industries. Business closures result in a decline in employment and small business operations in the hospitality industry. Khan et al. (2021) model the impact of COVID-19 on employment patterns in tourism-related sectors in the US; museums and historical places, performing arts, and sports appear most vulnerable. Other econometric studies evaluate consequences based on stock market data from tourism-related firms. For example, Sharma and Nicolau (2020) assess the pandemic's impact by estimating how the infection and fatality rates influence US stock returns of tourism-related industries; cruise lines were most substantially affected. Kaczmarek et al. (2021) gather stock market data from tourism-related companies across 52 countries, revealing that low-valuation, limited-leverage, and high-investment companies are less influenced than others. Moreover, firms in countries upholding certain closure policies are more resilient to the negative effects of COVID-19. In terms of macro-economic modeling, Yang, Zhang, and Chen (2020) develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to understand COVID-19's impact as an external economic shock. Policies subsidizing tourism consumption were useful in alleviating associated consequences.

Non-economic impact analysis

In addition to economic impact modeling, several studies calibrate the socio-cultural effects of the pandemic. Qiu, Li, and Li (2020) estimate residents' willingness to pay for pandemic risk reduction and calibrate the social costs of pandemic risk resulting from tourism activity in three major Chinese cities. Likewise, Yang & Wong (2020) examine tourists' decline in social well-being following perceived discrimination due to COVID-19. This effect was further moderated by COVID-19–related anxiety and social media use.

Tourism forecasting

Scholars also levy tourism forecasting to project tourism recovery based on the patterns and evolution of pandemic-related impacts. Polyzos, Samitas, & Spyridou (2021) employ a deep learning artificial neural network model to estimate such effects and predict the recovery of tourist arrivals. They also incorporate historical insights from the 2003 SARS epidemic into their model. Fotiadis et al. (2021) apply a neural network and a generalized additive model to generate various tourism demand forecasts. According to the results, the pandemic will regress global tourism growth by as much as 15 years. Škare et al. (2021) use a heterogeneous PSVAR model to forecast global tourism demand; COVID-19's impact is captured as both a common shock and idiosyncratic shock. Findings indicate a loss of 4.1–12.8 trillion USD in GDP contributed by travel and tourism.

Technology adoption

The right side of Fig. 2 presents several large thematic nodes, all related to the effects of Distancing on Education and Innovation as well as Robot , Technology , Service , and Artificial Intelligence . Technology plays a core role in tourism resilience. It has especially offered solutions to various direct and indirect COVID-19–related issues in the global tourism industry amid the pandemic ( Gretzel et al., 2020 ).

Technology for service innovation

Technology connects people (potential tourists and tourism employees) and settings in novel ways ( Fennell, 2021 ; Kwok & Koh, 2021 ). With high demand from customers and organizations, some technologies have enjoyed greater popularity during the pandemic, such as virtual tours ( Fennell, 2021 ), service robotics ( Zhao & Bacao, 2020 ), drone delivery services ( Kim et al., 2021 ), and mobile payment ( Khanra et al., 2021 ). In particular, COVID-19–related travel restrictions accelerated the penetration of extended reality, which is expected to provide personalized experiences to overcome physical travel impediments ( Kwok & Koh, 2021 ). Fennell (2021) provides a sample virtual surrogate ecotourism experience—a personalized, interactive, real-time tour—which affords tourists experiences in vulnerable destinations and minimizes the environmental impacts of travel. At the organizational level, Mizrachi and Gretzel (2020) discuss how travel tech companies can help the tourism industry combat COVID-19: hygiene, traffic control, and immediate communication technologies are needed in the short term, while technological foundations that integrate different technologies hold promise as long-run solutions. Lau (2020) reviews new technologies adopted in China's tourism sector during the pandemic; examples include live-stream promotions, facial check-in with AI temperature checks, and service robots. Privacy protection is highlighted as a major concern when using new technology to collect user information. At the destination level, Choi et al. (2021) explore government innovation related to smart technologies, such as a self-quarantine app and coronavirus tracing app, that could support tourism's resilience during the outbreak.

Several empirical studies address users' adoption of various technologies during the pandemic. Zhao and Bacao (2020) identify satisfaction, perceived task–technology fit, trust, effort expectancy, and social influence as main determinants of customers' intentions to continue using food delivery apps during the pandemic. Wan, Chan, & Luo (2021) confirm that consumers' perceptions of lower interpersonal interaction with robotic services would reduce their perceived infection risk, ultimately leading to higher visit intentions. Customers may prefer robotic services during the pandemic; however, these services are not always technically and financially feasible for businesses to implement based on firms' resource availability, demand type, and value chains. Seyitoğlu and Ivanov (2020) develop a conceptual framework for service delivery system design and offer guidelines to facilitate hospitality and tourism firms' decisions about three service systems: robotic service, human-based service, and mixed service.

Technology and remote education

The pandemic has disrupted tourism education as well. Stay-at-home orders and social distancing forced many educational settings to move online, which has implications for students' learning experiences. As remote education became a prominent alternative during the pandemic, many articles consider how technology can be embraced to deliver better education and keep students engaged in a virtual setting. Tiwari, Séraphin, & Chowdhary (2020) find that as tourism educators and students became familiar with distance-learning technologies, online teaching was increasingly accepted. However, in developing countries with poor telecommunication infrastructure, remote education introduced major challenges. Tuma et al. (2020) examine the use of Zoom as a synchronous tourism teaching modality and point out various digital engagement strategies when using this technology. Qiu, Li, and Li (2020) compare the advantages and disadvantages of three online teaching approaches based on distinct technologies: a basic model with a small private online course, an advanced model for synchronous online broadcasting, and an expansion model with MOOC resources.

Theoretical contributions amid the COVID-19 pandemic

Following the analysis of 249 articles related to tourism and the pandemic, several theoretical concerns underpin this literature. COVID-19 represents a crisis or disaster that functions as more than simply a research context Section 0 . Rather than uncovering the conceptual basis for a specific topic, the COVID-19 literature to date has offered numerous opportunities to ponder how the pandemic has shaped the conceptual foundations of many topics in the field. As one of the most impactful events to have hit global society, COVID-19 has borne enormous effects on the tourism industry. However, to what extent will this event change the industry? Can COVID-19 research inspire meaningful theoretical contributions and advance the field? These questions need to be addressed.

Similar to existing research agendas and commentaries related to crises/disasters or to COVID-19 (e.g., Ritchie & Jiang, 2019 ; Zenker & Kock, 2020 ), the influx of pandemic-related tourism literature raises questions about corresponding theoretical contributions. According to Tribe (1997) , the interdisciplinary nature of tourism has led to the absence of a specific disciplinary approach in this domain. Fragmented disciplinarity thus persists. To seize publication opportunities, many descriptive articles and commentaries have been published quickly—some within less than a week. While such papers may illuminate gaps in knowledge about COVID-19 in a tourism context, they have arguably made the field more fragmented than ever. Few engage with “good theory,” which is arguably internally consistent, risky, and abstract ( Smith et al., 2013 ; Wacker, 1998 ).

To address this, it is important to revisit some core ideas regarding theoretical contributions and the role of the research context. Many social science scholars struggle to generate new theories and instead aim to improve upon existing frameworks. What constitutes a value-added contribution to theory development? Whetten (1989) posed this same question and posited that scholars should not focus simply on adding variables to existing models. Instead, uncovering relationships among theoretical constructs can be more meaningful than incorporating additional variables. Relatedly, “trivial or obvious predictions are not marks of good theory” ( Smith et al., 2013, p. 878 ). Unexpected findings that current theories cannot explain or that challenge existing rationales are particularly insightful. Theory-building research seeks to find similarities across many different domains to increase its abstraction level and its importance ( Wacker, 1998 ). Corley and Gioia (2011, p. 17) similarly argue that “contribution arises when theory reveals what we otherwise had not seen, known, or conceived” (p. 17). Originality is indeed an important criterion for article publication in top-ranked academic journals. As such, applying an available model to a new context and indicating that it applies as expected is not instructive in itself. Yet many current COVID-19 publications fall into this category. For example, much research has shown that minimizing disease or risk perceptions will influence travel behavior—yet these findings are already well-established in other crisis or disaster literature.

Neither Whetten (1989) nor Corley and Gioia (2011) overlook the importance of the research setting with respect to theoretical contributions; put simply, meaning is derived from context. In this vein, Rousseau and Fried (2001, p. 1) contend that “contextualizing entails linking observations to a set of relevant facts, events, or points of view that make possible research and theory that form part of a larger whole” (p. 1). Here, contextualization refers not only to environmental factors but also (and perhaps more) to the nature of the focal setting, which can alter the meaning of theories or concepts. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a salient context. Contextualization is therefore necessary, but scholars should aim for novel theoretical contributions rather than merely applying available models to the pandemic with little incremental value. A few studies have sought to do so: for instance, in contextualizing identity theory amid the pandemic, Zhang, Wang, & Rickly (2021) stated that COVID-19 has challenged the fundamental desire for social interaction in international tourism. This shift towards non-interaction is further linked with identity-based changes.

War over tourism: “new normal” vs. “back to normal”

It is widely recognized that COVID-19 will change the state of tourism knowledge as well as the tourism industry itself ( Sigala, 2020 ). A binary discussion between industry recovery and reform has begun (e.g., Higgins-Desbiolles, 2021 ). On one hand, destinations and tourism businesses have been searching for, developing, and internalizing innovative ways to expedite the industry's full recovery. Early COVID-19 researchers investigated various topics to facilitate post-pandemic recovery, including travelers' perceptions and behavior; industry professionals' efforts to ensure safety, capitalize on technological developments, and adopt effective managerial approaches; and host communities' attitudes towards incoming tourists. Resilience and an eagerness to return to “normal” have continued to make headlines in the media. Most tourism-related coverage on getting “back to normal” has featured potential revenue-boosting strategies.

On the other hand, researchers have more often treated COVID-19 as a chance to rethink the current tourism paradigm and argue for a transformative and sustainable future ( Sigala, 2020 ). In this vein, a sustainable “new normal” with limits on how the industry can operate ongoing forward has been prioritized. The cessation of tourism has also revealed the environmental impacts of travel, thus inspiring many questions: will a sustainable approach be a part of industry resilience in the post-pandemic period? Has COVID-19 eliminated some unsustainable practices? It will likely be necessary to strike a balance via holistic approaches. One-size-fits-all approaches and mutually exclusive mindsets are more likely to stagnate rather than promote tourism's resilience. This may be a global industry, but it operates in diverse places and contexts.

More broadly, the questioning of “normality” in the industry and its future state has opened up dialogues of hopeful and transformative tourism. Such perspectives are often informed by critical theories and shed light on the inequities of the global tourism industry, which is in itself a worthwhile endeavor. Yet, in advocating for a “new normal” in the wake of COVID-19, few offer a clear path forward for the industry. Besides technological advances that might foster environmental sustainability, the publications are built on impractical assumptions and limited empirical evidence. COVID-19 has brought new awareness to vulnerable populations, inclusivity, and diversity, but social justice is an ever-shifting landscape of new movements and ideals that change more quickly than the tourism industry. Scholars must take care not to conflate the pandemic with evolving societal values. It is recommended that such scholarship be more reflective of the role of the pandemic in transformative tourism rather than aiming for transformation as an outcome of the pandemic.

Research methods

Among quantitative studies, several methodological aspects of COVID-19–related tourism management research merit discussion. First and foremost, given the ad hoc nature of many cross-sectional empirical studies, quantitative results only reflect circumstances in the early or middle stage of the pandemic with comparatively little insight into future scenarios. Longitudinal studies, in which data are examined at multiple time points (see Lee et al., 2019 ), can reveal time-varying impacts over different crisis stages to project the industry's responses and evolution. Such work can therefore produce more reliable and generalizable results. Second, many tourist behavior studies rely heavily on measures of behavioral intention, a subjective evaluation, to scrutinize the impact of COVID-19. However, this construct can suffer from notable biases in the form of various COVID-19-related constraints (e.g., mobility limitations and affordability). As a result, behavioral intention is a poor proxy for actual behavior ( Kock et al., 2020 ). Third, with the growing availability of secondary data related to the pandemic, econometric models prevail in the sample. Yet, many fail to provide rigorous causality inferences, yielding less reliable results regarding the causality between variables. For example, Granger causality ( Uzuner & Ghosh, 2021 ) can only offer findings related to Granger-type causality instead of authentic causality. Also, a clearer understanding of the structural form of economic equations can help specify the reduced form model and identify potential instrumental variables to alleviate endogeneity. Fourth, online platform–based experiments, especially from Amazon Mechanical Turk, dominate experimental studies in the sample. However, the validity of these results can be compromised by the presence of “professional online respondents” as well as other challenges related to internal, construct, and external validity issues ( Aguinis et al., 2020 ). Field experiments do not receive sufficient attention despite showing promise in COVID-19–related studies which manipulate interventions in real-life settings ( Viglia & Dolnicar, 2020 ).

Only a small number of papers in the sample adopt qualitative approaches to COVID-19 tourism research, and these are largely descriptive. Further, they tend to reflect on what has been done instead of exploring precisely why . Despite being popular in tourism studies more broadly, visual and critical approaches are largely absent within pandemic tourism research. Specifically, visual imagery and geographic imaginaries could be altered by the pandemic, and critical discourse analysis or critical incident techniques would be appropriate methods to provide a reflexive understanding of the pandemic.

Mixed methods employ a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. A recent systematic review of mixed methods research in tourism demonstrates that scholars have often adopted sequential mixed methods rather than concurrent ones ( Khoo-Lattimore et al., 2019 ). Only one paper in the sample adopted mixed methods, and it is suggested that this is a result of the greater time constraints related to undertaking mixed or multi-study research. Specifically, Brizek et al. (2021) apply the traditional sequential mixed method approach by performing a survey followed by qualitative interviews to supplement their qualitative findings. In addition, Khoo-Lattimore et al. (2019) propose mixed method considerations, arguing that researchers should identify ways to offer comprehensive views on topics related to the pandemic. Multi-method/multi-study research includes more than one study in a single paper and often involves multiple methodologies, which appear particularly promising in COVID-19–related works (e.g., Gallego & Font, 2021 ; Kock et al., 2020 ). The pandemic has introduced nuanced and dynamic impacts on the global tourism industry. Compared with a single-study investigation, multi-study research strengthens findings' applicability (and replicability) and reinforces the theory–method interplay ( Hochwarter Wayne et al., 2011 ). Moreover, multi-study research can rectify the methodological weaknesses associated with a single research method while enhancing generalizability.

A particularly striking methodological observation is the prevalence of descriptive commentaries in the sample. A large proportion of these were published in the early days of the pandemic in response to specific calls for commentaries with quick turnaround times that did not employ peer reviews. The authors often labeled their commentaries as “conceptual”—but are all non-empirical studies conceptual? Xin et al. (2013) assert that conceptual research focuses on the systematic clarification of concepts. In other words, such studies trace a concept's origins and development while addressing its current use, specification, and differentiation. Based on this definition, review papers are not necessarily conceptual, while some empirical work can be deemed conceptual. However, many self-claimed conceptual papers or short commentaries in the sample are descriptive. They offer limited insight into concepts' historical development and particularly how COVID-19 has influenced these ideas. The sample includes papers discussing the pandemic's impact on food tourism, natural tourism, adventure tourism, mountain tourism, and so forth. However, this emphasis on potential effects is overwhelmingly speculative.

Additionally, papers use the pandemic to advocate for possible research agendas, but in so doing, few provide a historical and contemporary discussion of these ideas and the relevance of COVID-19 for advancing them. Thus, it is worth asking whether such articles are in fact commentaries? Defining commentaries in Annals of Tourism Research , Schweinsberg (2019) argues that most commentaries represent feedback on a newly published article to avoid knowledge stasis. Additionally, Annals of Tourism Research publishes Research Notes, which highlight the specific theoretical or methodological potential for the field, often accompanied by preliminary findings and a possible research agenda. In Journal of Travel Research , commentaries can be submitted as Letters to the Editor that consider research-based problems. No matter how conceptual research and commentaries are defined, the contribution to the field of study remains paramount. COVID-19 has unequivocally affected the state of tourism research, which makes framing its significance to theoretical and/or methodological development ever more important.

Future areas of study

An imbalance exists in the literature regarding the pandemic's psychological effects on tourism stakeholders. Many studies have focused on perceptions and motivation stimulated by risk, threats, and fear ( Sembada & Kalantari, 2021 ), with scant effort devoted to integrating specific aspects of tourists' risk perceptions and well-being. Several potentially important features of cognition and affect have thus been overlooked, most notably uncertainty, isolation, stress, and anxiety. A topic to consider is one's understanding of self and group identity through tourism ( Zhang, Wang, & Rickly, 2021 ): how might economic, sociopolitical, and cultural uncertainty brought on by the pandemic influence one's understanding of the self and others? Such questions do not only involve changes in how people view and treat others but also how others view and treat them. This research focus extends beyond the host–guest relationship to address fundamental questions of how socially constructed boundaries between “us” and “them” based on social classifications such as gender, culture, and race/ethnicity are influenced by the pandemic and the re-opening of tourism. These lines of inquiry also have strong ethical ramifications which could also contribute to the moral turn in tourism and associated research.

Crises and disasters generally underscore the importance of motives for affiliation, acceptance, and belonging (e.g., Collins, 2012 ). Commentaries about research agendas have expressed similar thoughts (e.g., Zenker & Kock, 2020 ); however, no empirical research has yet supported such claims. Furthermore, conflicting events have occurred locally and globally, casting doubt on the roles of these motives during the pandemic. Future empirical research might therefore consider such concepts amid COVID-19, as findings can also shed light on the collective and social resilience that has emerged through shared memories of this crisis.

Response, strategies, and resilience

The crisis and disaster management literature suggests that governments play essential roles in all stages of crisis management, from planning to recovery and prevention. Many scholars focus on how governments can enhance destination resilience and facilitate destination recovery. Cooperation, financial support, and updated information are clearly needed when the public sector faces a crisis ( Ritchie & Jiang, 2019 ). However, it is necessary to determine how tourism stakeholders can improve their planning for and prevention of future crises and disasters. Multilevel governance during times of crisis is relatively unfamiliar, as are its implications for local, national, and internal policy. How the government interacts with the public and private sectors to issue effective policies is important to understand as well. Besides practical measures, the result indicates growing attention to the involvement of the government and private sector in terms of sustainable development. COVID-19 presents an unprecedented opportunity to (re)consider how societies operate and are governed. A long-term analysis of such efforts is thus needed.

In terms of corporate responses and strategies, many studies involve large hospitality corporations. Business resilience, capacity building, and coping strategies among small- and medium-sized tourism businesses, which account for a large percentage of the industry's supply side, remain underexplored. Management scholars can uncover foundational management skills and strategies to cope with future crises and disasters upon reflecting on and synthesizing lessons learned from COVID-19.

Sustainable, inclusive futures

Intellectually, COVID-19 has presented an opportunity to consider tourism from a new perspective. It has revealed broader societal vulnerabilities along with those specific to tourism. However, most COVID-19 research related to sustainable tourism futures has been advocacy-driven and is more speculative than empirical. This leaves many questions to be addressed in subsequent work. In particular, it would be worthwhile to revisit destinations or specific tourism enterprises to determine how, and to what degree, inclusivity measures have been incorporated following the pandemic. What has prompted or impeded these initiatives' implementation and their longevity? Relatedly, longitudinal studies on the effectiveness of inclusivity and/or diversification measures around post-COVID-19 resilience or regeneration would offer revelatory information on future market potential. More importantly, when (or if) COVID-19 fades from prominence as a force of change in the industry, how do researchers untangle these ideals from the pandemic and continue to advance them in the industry?

Although impact estimates can aid decision makers in allocating resources for tourism recovery, scenario analysis or simulation in impact modeling can usually produce more actionable guidance to formulate strategies and policies combating the pandemic. Different impact valuation models can provide varied impact estimates with distinct structures and assumptions ( Pham et al., 2021 ). Researchers must then compare model estimates and evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of each. Furthermore, although some commentary papers discuss the environmental impact of COVID-19, rigorous environmental valuation analysis has yet to be undertaken. Environmental impact models (e.g., ecological footprint analysis and carbon footprint analysis) are recommended to better evaluate the pandemic's environmental effects on the tourism system. Empirical studies have considered the prediction accuracy of tourism forecasting models ( Fotiadis et al., 2021 ; Zhang, Song, et al., 2021 ); nevertheless, it is crucial to assess potentially effective predictors of tourism demand (e.g., digital footprints, travel sentiments, and vaccination rates) during times of great uncertainty.

Many conceptual and empirical papers have put forth short-term solutions for pandemic concerns ( Sharma, Shin, et al., 2021 ). Only a few have pondered the longer-term paradigm shift regarding technology adoption. More comprehensive frameworks are needed to map the development of the technology landscape in tourism. Although the critical circumstances of the pandemic have spurred the adoption of new and existing technologies, the enduring effects of this uptake would be intriguing to consider. Many empirical studies on tourism technology feature ad hoc research questions based on emerging technology, providing limited insight into a given technology based on stakeholders' needs. Additional studies might better illuminate the direction of technology design by assessing demand from tourists and industrial professionals at the individual and organization levels. Technology is merely a tool; its success in tourism is contingent on the social and business environment ( Dwivedi et al., 2020 ). As a result, more studies are needed to better understand how to build an environment conducive to organizational technology adoption—including how this adoption can promote resilience in various ways.

Multi- and interdisciplinary studies

Tourism studies constitute a scientific object characterized by fragmented knowledge from a number of disciplines, such as management, geography, marketing, economics, sociology, psychology, environmental sciences, and regional studies ( Tribe, 1997 ). Descriptive analysis confirms this multidisciplinary nature within COVID-19 tourism research. The complexity of tourism provides opportunities for collaboration across disciplines. According to Okumus et al. (2018) , collaboration across domains generates new epistemologies and methodologies. Cross-disciplinary cooperation also fosters creativity and innovation by synthesizing distinct perspectives. The COVID-19 pandemic brought an intense shift in the landscape of tourism demand and supply. Knowledge from different disciplines is hence required to clarify interrelated aspects of tourism. Multi- and interdisciplinary approaches can both be useful in this regard. Whereas multidisciplinary approaches explore research questions from two or more discipline-specific points of view, interdisciplinary methods marry two or more disciplines dynamically ( Darbellay & Stock, 2012 ). For example, when researchers discuss resilience in response to crises such as COVID-19, numerous factors can apply from social, economic, geographic, environmental, and anthropological perspectives ( Prayag, 2020 ). Also, in the context of a global pandemic, knowledge from epidemiology and public health informs individuals' sense of safety and risk—each of which is integral to tourism demand and supply. Therefore, cross-disciplinary dialogue, particularly between tourism and other disciplines, can better contextualize theories, methods, and models to delineate linkages between COVID-19 and tourism. Results can also provide useful recommendations for industry professionals and other stakeholders.

Research relevance and translational research

Tourism research has long been criticized for being overly theoretical and for lacking utility for industry stakeholders ( Baum, 2019 ; Vong, 2017 ). The same issue can be observed in COVID-19–related research, such that a limited number of studies provide actionable insights to industrial practitioners and other stakeholders. Khan (2019) identifies several gaps between academic research and practice. Some have become particularly noticeable during the pandemic, such as the failure of research to provide timely information along with a communication lag between academia and industry. Certain implications can be influential in helping stakeholders better weather the COVID-19 crisis: best practices in (online) marketing strategies, government policies on alleviating negative consequences, and safety guidelines that can protect tourists without detracting from their experiences. Apart from providing immediate industry solutions, Baum (2019) highlights the importance of broader research impacts that can alter individuals' behavior, practices, resource use, or policies. To enhance relevance and impact, more dialogue between academia and industry is needed to plan mutually beneficial projects and maintain a cooperative relationship ( Khan, 2019 ).

This paper introduces the Curated Collection of Annals of Tourism Research on coronavirus and tourism. The review has assessed 249 academic journal articles related to tourism and the COVID-19 pandemic that were published during the first year of the pandemic. It has aimed to take account of the major topics of research and reflect on future research opportunities. However, it is also acknowledged that the significance of COVID-19 to the industry and tourism scholarship will take years to fully comprehend. As a result, it is no surprise that many academic journals have begun requesting that authors reflect on the pandemic's effects on their research. However, there are also instances in which the value of pre-COVID data is questioned. So while the findings detailed above highlight that the pandemic is being incorporated into nearly every topic in the field, we must take caution to not let COVID-19 be the only lens through which we consider tourism research. Rhetoric around the pandemic ushering in a “new normal” for the industry should be countered with questions as to its longevity. All trends have a shelf life; what endures in academia are theoretical and methodological contributions. A lack of theoretical engagement is among the most notable and unfortunate trends from this review. It inspires the questions: What is new about COVID-19 research in tourism studies? What innovation can be gleaned from this flurry of research that can advance the field?

The fact that the answers to these questions are quite limited may be in large part an issue of timing. This review examined academic publications produced in the first year of the pandemic. Considering the time investments required to produce rich data, the sample simply would not have included such work. Indeed, the sample is in large measure comprised of commentaries and short communications. This is followed by quantitative research that used more accessible data sets. Qualitative research is rare in the sample, and mixed methods are only employed in one paper. Nevertheless, researchers are expected to contextualize their work in terms of theoretical and/or methodological contribution, and this review suggests that to date, such contributions are few. Nevertheless, there remain many opportunities for future research related to: psychological effects and behavior; response, strategies, and resilience; sustainable, inclusive futures; impact monitoring, valuation, and forecasting; technology adoption; multi- and interdisciplinary studies; and translational research.

Finally, some additional limitations that may temper the generalizability of the review are noteworthy. Related to the above point, COVID-19 research that has been inspired by latter pandemic developments has received limited representation in the sample. For example, research has recently started to examine how vaccination facilitates tourism recovery ( Wang, Kunasekaran, & Rasoolimanesh, 2021 ); this topic was barely covered in the literature in the sample. Further, this review focused exclusively on English-language studies to the neglect of those in other languages, such as Chinese, French, and Russian. This creates an opportunity for future reviews to assess geographic trends in the production of COVID-19 research.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Yang Yang: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – original draft. Carol X. Zhang: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing – original draft. Jillian M. Rickly: Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – original draft.

Declaration of competing interest

Handling editor: Sara Dolnicar

Appendix A Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103313 .

Appendix A. Supplementary data

The following is the supplementary data related to this article.

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Travel, Tourism & Hospitality

Global tourism industry - statistics & facts

What are the leading global tourism destinations, digitalization of the global tourism industry, how important is sustainable tourism, key insights.

Detailed statistics

Total contribution of travel and tourism to GDP worldwide 2019-2033

Number of international tourist arrivals worldwide 1950-2023

Global leisure travel spend 2019-2022

Editor’s Picks Current statistics on this topic

Current statistics on this topic.

Leading global travel markets by travel and tourism contribution to GDP 2019-2022

Travel and tourism employment worldwide 2019-2033

Recommended statistics

Basic Statistic Total contribution of travel and tourism to GDP worldwide 2019-2033
Basic Statistic Travel and tourism: share of global GDP 2019-2033
Basic Statistic Leading global travel markets by travel and tourism contribution to GDP 2019-2022
Basic Statistic Global leisure travel spend 2019-2022
Premium Statistic Global business travel spending 2001-2022
Premium Statistic Number of international tourist arrivals worldwide 1950-2023
Basic Statistic Number of international tourist arrivals worldwide 2005-2023, by region
Basic Statistic Travel and tourism employment worldwide 2019-2033

Total contribution of travel and tourism to gross domestic product (GDP) worldwide in 2019 and 2022, with a forecast for 2023 and 2033 (in trillion U.S. dollars)

Travel and tourism: share of global GDP 2019-2033

Share of travel and tourism's total contribution to GDP worldwide in 2019 and 2022, with a forecast for 2023 and 2033

Total contribution of travel and tourism to GDP in leading travel markets worldwide in 2019 and 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars)

Leisure tourism spending worldwide from 2019 to 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars)

Global business travel spending 2001-2022

Expenditure of business tourists worldwide from 2001 to 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars)

Number of international tourist arrivals worldwide from 1950 to 2023 (in millions)

Number of international tourist arrivals worldwide 2005-2023, by region

Number of international tourist arrivals worldwide from 2005 to 2023, by region (in millions)

Number of travel and tourism jobs worldwide from 2019 to 2022, with a forecast for 2023 and 2033 (in millions)

Premium Statistic Global hotel and resort industry market size worldwide 2013-2023
Premium Statistic Most valuable hotel brands worldwide 2023, by brand value
Basic Statistic Leading hotel companies worldwide 2023, by number of properties
Premium Statistic Hotel openings worldwide 2021-2024
Premium Statistic Hotel room openings worldwide 2021-2024
Premium Statistic Countries with the most hotel construction projects in the pipeline worldwide 2022

Global hotel and resort industry market size worldwide 2013-2023

Market size of the hotel and resort industry worldwide from 2013 to 2022, with a forecast for 2023 (in trillion U.S. dollars)

Most valuable hotel brands worldwide 2023, by brand value

Leading hotel brands based on brand value worldwide in 2023 (in billion U.S. dollars)

Leading hotel companies worldwide 2023, by number of properties

Leading hotel companies worldwide as of June 2023, by number of properties

Hotel openings worldwide 2021-2024

Number of hotels opened worldwide from 2021 to 2022, with a forecast for 2023 and 2024

Hotel room openings worldwide 2021-2024

Number of hotel rooms opened worldwide from 2021 to 2022, with a forecast for 2023 and 2024

Countries with the most hotel construction projects in the pipeline worldwide 2022

Countries with the highest number of hotel construction projects in the pipeline worldwide as of Q4 2022

Premium Statistic Airports with the most international air passenger traffic worldwide 2022
Premium Statistic Market value of selected airlines worldwide 2023
Premium Statistic Global passenger rail users forecast 2017-2027
Premium Statistic Daily ridership of bus rapid transit systems worldwide by region 2023
Premium Statistic Number of users of car rentals worldwide 2019-2028
Premium Statistic Number of users in selected countries in the Car Rentals market in 2023
Premium Statistic Carbon footprint of international tourism transport worldwide 2005-2030, by type

Airports with the most international air passenger traffic worldwide 2022

Leading airports for international air passenger traffic in 2022 (in million international passengers)

Market value of selected airlines worldwide 2023

Market value of selected airlines worldwide as of May 2023 (in billion U.S. dollars)

Global passenger rail users forecast 2017-2027

Worldwide number of passenger rail users from 2017 to 2022, with a forecast through 2027 (in billion users)

Daily ridership of bus rapid transit systems worldwide by region 2023

Number of daily passengers using bus rapid transit (BRT) systems as of April 2023, by region

Number of users of car rentals worldwide 2019-2028

Number of users of car rentals worldwide from 2019 to 2028 (in millions)

Number of users in selected countries in the Car Rentals market in 2023

Number of users in selected countries in the Car Rentals market in 2023 (in million)

Carbon footprint of international tourism transport worldwide 2005-2030, by type

Transport-related emissions from international tourist arrivals worldwide in 2005 and 2016, with a forecast for 2030, by mode of transport (in million metric tons of carbon dioxide)

Attractions

Premium Statistic Market size of museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks worldwide 2022-2027
Premium Statistic Leading museums by highest attendance worldwide 2019-2022
Basic Statistic Most visited amusement and theme parks worldwide 2019-2022
Basic Statistic Monuments on the UNESCO world heritage list 2023, by type
Basic Statistic Selected countries with the most Michelin-starred restaurants worldwide 2023

Market size of museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks worldwide 2022-2027

Size of the museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks market worldwide in 2022, with a forecast for 2023 and 2027 (in billion U.S. dollars)

Leading museums by highest attendance worldwide 2019-2022

Most visited museums worldwide from 2019 to 2022 (in millions)

Most visited amusement and theme parks worldwide 2019-2022

Leading amusement and theme parks worldwide from 2019 to 2022, by attendance (in millions)

Monuments on the UNESCO world heritage list 2023, by type

Number of monuments on the UNESCO world heritage list as of September 2023, by type

Selected countries with the most Michelin-starred restaurants worldwide 2023

Number of Michelin-starred restaurants in selected countries and territories worldwide as of July 2023

Online travel market

Premium Statistic Online travel market size worldwide 2017-2028
Premium Statistic Estimated desktop vs. mobile revenue of leading OTAs worldwide 2023
Premium Statistic Number of aggregated downloads of leading online travel agency apps worldwide 2023
Basic Statistic Market cap of leading online travel companies worldwide 2023
Premium Statistic Forecast EV/Revenue ratio in the online travel market 2024, by segment
Premium Statistic Forecast EV/EBITDA ratio in the online travel market 2024, by segment

Online travel market size worldwide 2017-2028

Online travel market size worldwide from 2017 to 2023, with a forecast until 2028 (in billion U.S. dollars)

Estimated desktop vs. mobile revenue of leading OTAs worldwide 2023

Estimated desktop vs. mobile revenue of leading online travel agencies (OTAs) worldwide in 2023 (in billion U.S. dollars)

Number of aggregated downloads of leading online travel agency apps worldwide 2023

Number of aggregated downloads of selected leading online travel agency apps worldwide in 2023 (in millions)

Market cap of leading online travel companies worldwide 2023

Market cap of leading online travel companies worldwide as of September 2023 (in million U.S. dollars)

Forecast EV/Revenue ratio in the online travel market 2024, by segment

Forecast enterprise value to revenue (EV/Revenue) ratio in the online travel market worldwide in 2024, by segment

Forecast EV/EBITDA ratio in the online travel market 2024, by segment

Forecast enterprise value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA) ratio in the online travel market worldwide in 2024, by segment

Selected trends

Premium Statistic Global travelers who believe in the importance of green travel 2023
Premium Statistic Sustainable initiatives travelers would adopt worldwide 2022, by region
Premium Statistic Airbnb revenue worldwide 2017-2023
Premium Statistic Airbnb nights and experiences booked worldwide 2017-2023
Premium Statistic Technologies global hotels plan to implement in the next three years 2022
Premium Statistic Hotel technologies global consumers think would improve their future stay 2022

Global travelers who believe in the importance of green travel 2023

Share of travelers that believe sustainable travel is important worldwide in 2023

Sustainable initiatives travelers would adopt worldwide 2022, by region

Main sustainable initiatives travelers are willing to adopt worldwide in 2022, by region

Airbnb revenue worldwide 2017-2023

Revenue of Airbnb worldwide from 2017 to 2023 (in billion U.S. dollars)

Airbnb nights and experiences booked worldwide 2017-2023

Nights and experiences booked with Airbnb from 2017 to 2023 (in millions)

Technologies global hotels plan to implement in the next three years 2022

Technologies hotels are most likely to implement in the next three years worldwide as of 2022

Hotel technologies global consumers think would improve their future stay 2022

Must-have hotel technologies to create a more amazing stay in the future among travelers worldwide as of 2022

Premium Statistic Travel and tourism revenue worldwide 2019-2028, by segment
Premium Statistic Distribution of sales channels in the travel and tourism market worldwide 2018-2028
Premium Statistic Inbound tourism visitor growth worldwide 2020-2025, by region
Premium Statistic Outbound tourism visitor growth worldwide 2020-2025, by region

Travel and tourism revenue worldwide 2019-2028, by segment

Revenue of the global travel and tourism market from 2019 to 2028, by segment (in billion U.S. dollars)

Distribution of sales channels in the travel and tourism market worldwide 2018-2028

Revenue share of sales channels of the travel and tourism market worldwide from 2018 to 2028

Inbound tourism visitor growth worldwide 2020-2025, by region

Inbound tourism visitor growth worldwide from 2020 to 2022, with a forecast until 2025, by region

Outbound tourism visitor growth worldwide 2020-2025, by region

Outbound tourism visitor growth worldwide from 2020 to 2022, with a forecast until 2025, by region

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88 Tourism Management Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best tourism management topic ideas & essay examples, 🔎 good research topics about tourism management, 📝 most interesting tourism management topics to write about, ❓ tourism management research questions.

Human Resource Management in Tourism In his research, Nickson points out that the human resource management in the tourism incorporates the management principles to integrate with the specific needs in the tourism industry.
The Facility Management in the Tourism Industry In understanding the role of technology in any industry, it is important to master the basic elements of the industry in terms of its area of specialization, services and goods offered to customers. We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
Destination Marketing and Destination Management in Tourism The purpose of this task is to discuss reasons why misunderstanding of the concepts of destination marketing and destination management leads to poor sustainable tourism planning and management of tourism impacts.
Service Management of Innovation Tourism Industry Innovation taking place in tourism industry is resulting into new ideas, services, and products to the marketplace and as part of overall changes taking place in the industry, innovation in the industry is leading to […]
Revenue Management in the Tourism Industry To predict the behavioural patterns of customers, the availability of the product in the market is optimised with a hope of maximising on revenues.
Tourism Disaster Management In this phase, the main element of the management strategies for the disaster that is going on is assessment of the impacts and reconstruction.
VisitBritain’s Marketing Strategy for the 2012 Olympic Games and Diamond Jubilee The VisitBritain campaign is significant in helping Britain realize economic growth before, during, and after the 2012 Olympic Games as well as the Diamond Jubilee celebrations.
“Coolness” of the City in Tourism Management The ‘coolness’ of the city and its culture is a powerful instrument in advancing the city’s attractive features, infrastructure, and business.
Contemporary Tourism and Hospitality Management I have always enjoyed visiting other countries, and Europe remains one of my favorite destinations since I see it as a small corner of the planet connecting a great variety of cultures.
Yield Management and Tourism Industry in Saudi Arabia Thus, the hospitality industry of the country can rely on the support of the state, and this factor can contribute to the development of the hospitality industry.
Tourism Management as an Ethnographic Theme Thus, as it is stated in some of the interview, tourists generally expect the attitude of obeisance towards them, and the workers of the tourism sphere feel themselves as the obedient servants.
Sustainable Hospitality Management The paper will clear some concepts of Hospitality Management and Sustainable Hospitality Management, Assessment of Operational Efficiency of Hospitality Organizations, Critical analysis of Hospitality Parameters, Critical evaluation of Principles and Procedures Involved in Environmental Management […]
Sustainable Tourism Development Management It includes the air, the climate of the place, the water bodies, the landscape, the animals, the birds and other life forms habiting the place, the plants and its overall beauty.
Service 2020: Hospitality and Tourism Management Technology will change the view of service management and customer relations. This end of the market will be driven by technology, performance, and design.
Tourism Management of the National Parks and Heritage The National parks are credited for being major tourist attraction sites as compared to national heritage and promotion of the tourism industry as they have what the tourist wants to see, that is, the beauty […]
Home Exchange and Implications for Tourism Management A listing refers to a list of people who are also interested in exchanging a home from a particular country and the quality of their homes is also given.
Abu Dhabi Department of Culture and Tourism’s Conflict Management The concept of Sulha, although not directly outlined in the organization’s code of conduct, is the main driving instrument of internal conflict resolution in the Abu Dhabi Department of Culture and Tourism.
Tourism Industry: Emergency and Crisis Management The technological and scientific breakthrough that has been witnessed over the past several decades has created the foil for the rapid development of the tourism industry. What are the primary causes of emergencies and crises […]
Sun Peaks Resort: Tourism Management One is determined to examine the relevant aspects of the example of the Ski School in the Sun Peak Resort as the latter has the highest rating among all the Canadian resorts from the standpoint […]
Sex Tourism Management Controversy As explained in the introductory section above, sex tourism refers to an aspect of tourism where the primary aim of the tourist is to have in sexual engagements with the people in their destination.
Hospitality Management: Arabian Desert Resort In addition, it is the role of the sales manager to improve the facilities, maintain awareness of factors, which affect the hotel, and to gain a deeper perceptive of the needs and feelings of the […]
Tourism Destination Management and Development Tourism destination development and management is a key factor to the success of the tourism industry in any given region. The regional bodies come in with professionalism that is key to the success of the […]
Ethical Dimensions into Tourism Policy and Management Therefore, in analyzing the aspiration and practical application of ethics in tourism in regard to the policy and management of tourism endeavours, emphasis will be on the above aspects.
Forecasting the Tourism Activity as a Risk Management Instrument
Casino and Gaming Management in Tourism: Monte Carlo, Baden Baden, and Las Vegas
Business Continuity and Crisis Management in Tourism
Traveling to India: The Problems Management of Tourism Business in One of the Most Conservative Countries
The Importance of Total Quality Management in Tourism
Management in Services as a Marketing Instrument for Increasing Customers’ Satisfaction With Tourism Products
ICT Tools as Management Support in Croatian Tourism
Strategic Management Within the Tourism and the World Globalization
A Bass Model Application to Tourism Facility Management
Strategic Management Problems for Romanian Tourism Companies
Economic Possibilities and Management of Solar Energy Use in Tourism
Sustainable Development and Tourism Destination Management of Hot Springs Hotels in Taiwan
Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Management by Razaq Raj and Kevin Griffin
Management Strategy and Policy of Etihad Airways Tourism
Events Management in Tourism: Attracting More Tourists
Creation and Management of Innovative Tourism Products in Italian Networks of Reserves in the Alps
Rural Tourism: Development, Management, and Sustainability in Rural Establishments
The Place and Role of Financing in the Management of Small Businesses in the Tourism
Effective International Tourism Management
The Use of Digital Technologies in the Tourism Management
Online Tourism Information Management System
Environmental Management and the Competitiveness of Nature-Based Tourism Destinations
Yield Management Tourism: A Pricing Strategy to Generate Maximum Revenue
Social Sustainability Tourism Management: Human Rights, Inclusion, Health and Safety
Marketing and Management Implementation on Megatrends in Modern Tourism
Destination Management Organizations and Health Tourism Visual Identification in Central and Eastern Europe
Risk and Crisis Management in Tourism Industry: Linking Tourism Into Emergency Management
Why the Development and Management of Tourism Can Not Be Left Entirely in the Hands of the Private Sector
Tourism Development in Zambia: Planning and Natural Resource Management
Management and Development Possibilities for Spa Tourism in Serbia
Logistics and Supply Chain Management in Tourism
Main Stages Involved With Capacity Management Tourism
Information Systems Management for Travel and Tourism
Stakeholders and Public-Private Partnerships Role in Tourism Management
The Strategies for Management of the Tourism Sector During the Coronavirus Pandemic
Collaboration, Management Contract, and Franchising in the Tourism Industry
Operation Management Practices and Tactics of Hotel Novotel Tourism
China’s Tourism Resources and Management
Strengthening the Employ Ability of Hotel Restaurant Tourism Management Through Work and Travel Program
Enterprise Risk Management With Foreign Exchange Exposures: Evidence From Taiwan Tourism Industry
What Is the Future of Tourism Management?
What Skills Do You Need in Tourism Management?
What Are the Features of the Management Decision Making Process in Tourism Management?
What Are the Benefits of Being a Tourism Management?
When Did Tourism Management Originate?
What Is the Task of Tourism Management?
Is Tourism Management a Part of Economics?
What Are the Main Features of Tourism Management?
How Has Tourism Management Evolved?
What Are the Functions of Tourism Management?
What Are the Principles of Tourism Management?
What Are the Popular Methods of Tourism Management?
What Are the Features of Tourism Management Organizational Structures in Tourism Management?
What Are the Management Issues in Tourism Management?
What Is the Biggest Problem in Tourism Management?
What Is the Main Purpose of Tourism Management?
What Is the Concept of Tourism Management?
What Are the Features of Tourism Service Quality Management in Tourism Management?
Which Type of Trade Is Tourism Management?
Who Is the Father of Tourism Management?
Is Tourism Management a Market or Industry?
What Is the Value of Tourism Management?
What Is the Most Important Impact of Tourism Management?
What Will Happen if There Is No Tourism Management?
How Does Tourism Management Affect Society?
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Let us take a walk to the sustainable tourism practices: a qualitative study through the lens of tourism experts

Research Article
Published: 04 January 2024
Volume 31 , pages 12892–12915, ( 2024 )

Cite this article

Vikas Arya 1 ,
Vilte Auruskeviciene ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1563-4052 2 ,
Srishti Agarwal 3 ,
Priyanka Kokatnur 3 ,
Harish Kumar 4 &
Rajeev Verma 5

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The rising opportunities of sustainable tourism have brought many policies to control the exploitation of the environment and increase the reach of luxurious, safe, and authentic experiences to the different segments of tourists. This study seeks to prioritize the variables influencing the development of sustainable tourism and pinpoint key success factors that align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It adopts a tri-dimensional framework encompassing economic, social, and environmental aspects, further delineated into eleven sub-dimensions, to provide a quantitative evaluation of sustainable tourism. We conducted interviews with 26 tourism industry experts hailing from eight countries, analyzing their responses using interval type-2 fuzzy sets. The results underscore the critical role of specific components in advancing sustainable tourism. In the economic dimension, “financial resources and tourism costs” emerge as vital factors. In the social dimension, “health and safety” takes center stage, while “green infrastructure” plays a pivotal role in the environmental dimension. These findings underscore the significance of these aspects in promoting sustainable tourism. Furthermore, this study explores the strategic importance of sustainable tourism equity in shaping tourism planning and development for emerging markets.

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An Evaluation of Sustainable Tourism in the Developing Countries of Asia Using a Sustainable Tourism–Measurement Model: A Comparison of India, Malaysia, and Thailand

Tourism Sustainability in Indonesia: Reflection and Reformulation

An Input of Fuzzy Logic to Sustainable Tourism: A Case from Brazil

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Data will be available on request.

Agarwal SA, Kasliwal N (2019) Indian consumer’s environmental consciousness and decision towards green services of hospitality industry. J Hosp Appl Res 14(2):22–40

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All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Vikas Arya conducted the analysis of data and provided an interpretation of the findings. Vilte Auruskeviciene wrote the manuscript draft and ensured consistency in referencing and citation formatting. Srishti Agarwal collected data, collaborated with Vikas Arya to analyze the data, and contributed to the discussion of the findings. Priyanka Kokatnur contributed to the research methodology development and data collection. Harish Kumar provided insights to the theoretical and managerial aspects of the study and contributed to the discussion section. Rajeev Verma conducted a literature review and collaborated with Vilte Auruskeviciene to integrate the literature review into the manuscript. All authors provided comments on previous versions of the manuscript, and they all read and approved the final manuscript.

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Arya, V., Auruskeviciene, V., Agarwal, S. et al. Let us take a walk to the sustainable tourism practices: a qualitative study through the lens of tourism experts. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31 , 12892–12915 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31503-7

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Virtual and Space Tourism as New Trends in Travelling at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Assessment of Synergistic Development Potential between Tourism and Rural Restructuring Using a Coupling Analysis: A Case Study of Southern Shaanxi, China
How New Urbanization Affects Tourism Eco-Efficiency in China: An Analysis Considering the Undesired Outputs

Smart Travel Agent Tourism Management Android App Project
Speech about travelling and Tourism[1,2,3,5 Minutes]
Assistant Director/officer Tourism Syllabus AJK PSC Kashmir
[PPSC Pakistan] SYLLABUS INSPECTOR TOURISM DEPARTMENT
Business Research Methods Research Topics
Research Topics on Capital Market Research

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Tourism Industry: Here's all you should know about the structure
Components of tourism: Structure of the tourism industry
(PDF) Handbook of Research Methods for Tourism and Hospitality Management
The Tourism Sample Papers
PPT
Basic of Tourism Research (Paperback)

VIDEO

Trends and Issues in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry
TR Webinar -Writing High-Quality Manuscripts and Publishing Your Research
Top 10 Research Topics in Hospitality and Tourism
Welcome to “Focus on Tourism”
Physically challenged persons working in the Tourism Industry are few #focusontourism #chtv
Webinar: "Innovation in tourism

COMMENTS

100+ Tourism Research Topics: Trends and Future Directions
In summary, tourism research is a multifaceted learning experience that goes beyond textbooks, providing students with the skills, knowledge, and perspectives needed for a successful and impactful career in the tourism industry or related fields. 100+ Tourism Research Topics: Category Wise. Sustainable Tourism; Impact of Technology on Travel
201 Best Tourism and Hospitality Dissertation Topics Ideas 2024
Tourism research topics encompass a diverse array of captivating subjects, ranging from the exploration of distinct hospitality styles to the immersion in delectable cuisines, cultural customs, accommodations, travel services, ... Niche Tourism Market Segmentation: Identifying and Targeting Specific Market Segments for Tailored Marketing ...
Tourism and Hospitality Research: Sage Journals
Tourism and Hospitality Research (THR) is firmly established as an influential and authoritative, peer-reviewed journal for tourism and hospitality researchers and professionals. THR covers applied research in the context of Tourism and Hospitality in areas such as policy, planning, performance, development, management, strategy, operations, marketing and consumer behavior…
Frontiers in Sustainable Tourism
Animals as dark tourism attractions: experiences, contexts, and ethics. VALERIE SHEPPARD. David Fennell. Jose-Carlos Garcia-Rosell. 3,034 views. 3 articles. Provides evidence-based research for academics and researchers, industry leaders, policymakers, and consumers to achieve sustainable forms of tourism.
Research in tourism sustainability: A comprehensive bibliometric
The tourism industry heavily relies on a region'segion's social, cultural, and environmental. Without this, policies and destination management in tourism-reliant regions would most likely not be constructive. ... [177], attention should be paid to managing tourism and limiting over-tourism. Although research on this topic is available, this ...
Hot topics and emerging trends in tourism forecasting research: A
Tourism forecasting has been a focal point of tourism research over the past few decades as a result of the corresponding rapid development and expansion of the tourism industry. A bibliometric analysis, based on 543 articles retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database, was carried out to provide insights into hot topics as well ...
Tourism Development, Sustainability, and Inclusion
The tourism field of study covers multiple perspectives like the tourism experience, tourism forms (e.g., mass tourism, heritage tourism, ecotourism), tourism's history, driving forces of tourism demand, and the effects of tourism on the economy, social fabric, cultural and environmental spheres of the receiving destinations. The sustainability of the tourism phenomenon has also received ...
Meta-Analysis of Tourism Sustainability Research: 2019-2021
Sustainability in tourism, hospitality, and leisure is a long-standing topic of growing interest. Research in the field of tourism has accelerated over the past decade. The goal of this meta-analysis is to categorize recent research in tourism sustainability to identify patterns and trends, which could help us understand where the field is currently conducting research and where more work may ...
Tourism destination research from 2000 to 2020: A ...
Popular research topics from 2000 to 2020 (frequencies of co-wording are more than 20 times). Table 4. Major research topics by centrality (centrality >0.10). No ... The tourism industry experienced an acute loss of up to US$4.5 trillion in 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak (WTTC, 2021). These economic issues coupled with record high oil and ...
Latest articles from Current Issues in Tourism
The economic analysis of impact and policy response of COVID-19 on tourism industry in Taiwan. Chun-Hsien Yeh & Je-Liang Liou. Published online: 30 Mar 2024. 27 Views; 0 CrossRef citations; 0 Altmetric; ... Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Sign me up. Taylor and Francis Group Facebook page. Taylor and Francis ...
Past, present and future: trends in tourism research
This research attempts to understand the gaps of tourism research to draw in trends that should be emphasized in and out of tourism community. Based upon a collection of 63,176 papers that is all the papers published in Scopus journals, social network analysis is applied to unveil countries, journals, and authors' expertise as well as ...
Tourism and Hospitality Dissertation Topics and Titles
Research Aim: This study will investigate the various aspects of the UK tourism industry towards making green and sustainable measures for the environmental benefits. It will also look into the consumer's perspective towards green tourism and its positive and negative impacts on the tourism industry and the tourists.
Journal of Travel Research: Sage Journals
Journal of Travel Research (JTR) is the premier research journal focusing on travel and tourism behavior, management and development. As a top-ranked journal focused exclusively on travel and tourism, JTR provides up-to-date, high quality, international and multidisciplinary research on behavioral trends and management theory.JTR is a category 4 ranked journal by the Association of Business ...
(PDF) Tourism Impacts on Destinations: Insights from a Systematic
This paper aims to systematically review and analyze the current research on tourism impacts on destinations during 2016-2020. The Scopus database was used to search for tourism impact studies ...
Tourism during and after COVID-19: An Expert-Informed Agenda for Future
With the COVID-19 pandemic reaching a more mature, yet still threatening, stage, the time is ripe to look forward in order to identify the topics and trends that will shape future tourism research and practice. This note sets out to develop an agenda for tourism research post COVID-19. We surveyed several industry and academic experts seeking ...
Tourism and Travel: A Research Guide
The Handbook of Research on Smart Technology Applications in the Tourism Industry is an essential reference source that discusses the use of intelligent systems in tourism as well as their influence on consumer relationships. Featuring research on topics such as digital advertising, wearable technology, and consumer behavior, this book is ...
List of issues Current Issues in Tourism
Browse the list of issues and latest articles from Current Issues in Tourism. All issues Special issues Collections . Latest articles Partial Access; Volume 27 2024 Volume 26 2023 ... Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Sign me up. Taylor and Francis Group Facebook page. Taylor and Francis Group X Twitter page.
A review of early COVID-19 research in tourism: Launching the
It has aimed to take account of the major topics of research and reflect on future research opportunities. However, it is also acknowledged that the significance of COVID-19 to the industry and tourism scholarship will take years to fully comprehend. ... Sharma A., Nicolau J.L. An open market valuation of the effects of COVID-19 on the travel ...
Global tourism industry
Globally, travel and tourism's direct contribution to gross domectic product (GDP) was approximately 7.7 trillion U.S. dollars in 2022. This was a, not insignificant, 7.6 percent share of the ...
88 Tourism Management Essay Topic Ideas & Examples
To predict the behavioural patterns of customers, the availability of the product in the market is optimised with a hope of maximising on revenues. Tourism Disaster Management. In this phase, the main element of the management strategies for the disaster that is going on is assessment of the impacts and reconstruction.
Let us take a walk to the sustainable tourism practices: a qualitative
Tourism is one of the world's fastest-growing businesses and a key source of income, foreign exchange, and jobs (Liu-Lastres et al. 2023; Thapa et al. 2022; Shu et al. 2022; Sun et al. 2022) For instance, the sector is responsible for 10.4% of global GDP and one in every ten employment globally (WTTC 2020).The sustainable tourism market in emerging markets is expected to grow twice the rate ...
Tourism Research Topics
Research Paper Topics for Masters and Ph.D. Thesis and publication. Tourism development and growth. Emotions and involvement in tourism settings. The potential of virtual tourism in the recovery of the tourism industry. Innovative Strategies Of Tourism Development in a Specific Country. The business of tourism.
Tourism and Hospitality Research
Abstract. This study aims to examine the impact of hotels' pandemic response strategies (service automation, downsizing, restructuring, health protection, and training) on talent retention intentions with the mediation of talent satisfaction and moderation of job ... Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published November 24, 2022pp. 187-202.
Applying TASDA framework and scenario planning for ...
In this context, we are applying it to the development of research topics concerning Indonesia's maritime industry. This research aims to enhance stakeholders' understanding of issues related to the growth of maritime research topics in Indonesia, encompassing aspects such as tourism, oceanography, fisheries, infrastructure, energy, and mineral ...
Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research: Sage Journals
Established in 1976, the Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research (JHTR) plays a major role in incubating, influencing, and inspiring hospitality and tourism research.JHTR publishes original research that clearly advances theoretical development and offers practical value for hospitality and tourism ecosystems.JHTR strives to publish research with IMPACT...

100+ Tourism Research Topics: Trends and Future Directions

Key Trends in Tourism Research

Technology in Tourism

What is the Importance of Tourism Research for Students?

Academic Enrichment

Skill Development

Industry Insights

Career Opportunities

Contributions to Sustainable Practices

Global Perspective

Problem-Solving Skills

Personal Growth

100+ Tourism Research Topics: Category Wise

Challenges and Opportunities in Tourism Research

Globalization and Tourism

Future Directions in Tourism Research

Post-Pandemic Tourism

Resources for Tourism Research Topics

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Tourism and Hospitality Dissertation Topics Ideas

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Food and Beverage Services:

Recreation and Entertainment:

Transportation:

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Ecotourism:

Dark Ecotourism:

Hospitality:

Tourism Management:

Tourism Marketing:

Sport Tourism Dissertation Topics:

Sustainable Tourism Dissertation Topics:

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Tourism Development, Sustainability, and Inclusion

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Tourism and Hospitality Dissertation Topics and Titles

Introduction

Tourism Research Topics for 2024

Environmental Management Systems and their Implementation in the UK- A Systematic Review.

Investigating the impact of Social Media Recommendations on Hotel Booking in the UK.

Assessing the Impact of Virtual Reality on Tourism.

Role of Social Media Marketing in deciding a Travel Destination- A Systematic Review.

Effects of Covid-19 on Tourism and Hospitality Dissertation Topics

Topic 2: Investigating the Long Term Effects of Prolonged and New Travel Restrictions on the UK Tourism Industry

Topic 3: Coronavirus: Dubai Tourism Insists Emirate's Hotel Sector is Healthy, Rejects Bloomberg Report but Is It Really the Case?

Topic 4: Will Easing the Travel Restrictions Benefit the UK Tourism Sector in the Short Term?

Topic 5: Coronavirus outbreak: Caribbean Tourism Struggles as Visitors Stay Home

More Tourism and Hospitality Dissertation Topics

Topic 2: Advances in Tourism and Hospitality Post-pandemic

Topic 3: Impacts of Social Distancing on Tourism Managements

Topic 4: Advances in Hotel Management Post-pandemic

Tourism and Hospitality Dissertation Topics for 2023

Topic 2: Impact of Low budget Airline Services on Boosting International Tourism in Europe: A Case Study of Ryanair.

Topic 3: Eco-friendly Practices and Their Effect on Hotel Selection Decision: A Case Study of UK Hospitality Industry.

Topic 4: How Economic Conditions of a Country Impact its Local Tourism: Identifying the Economic Factors Influencing the Tourism Sector.

Topic 5: Assessing the Impact of Social Media Platforms on Tourism Destination Selection.

Topic 6: Assessing the Impact of Government Rules, Regulations, and Policies on Tourism Development: A Case Study of Developing Countries.

Topic 7: Analysing the Impact of Natural Hazards on the Tourism Industry of the UK: Recommending Effective Measures to Minimise Risk.

Topic 8: Assessing the Factors and Preferences Impacting Tourist's Decisions to Travel to a Dark Tourism Site.

Topic 9: The Impact of Travel Bloggers and vloggers on the Tourism Industry.

Educational Tourism Dissertation Topics

Topic 1: Educational Tourism Programmes and the Popularity of Host Nations

Topic 2: Factors Affecting the Decision of British Students to Join International Student Exchange Programmes.

Topic 3: Factors Contributing Towards the Success of Work & Study Programmes in the UK

Topic 4: To Analyse the Satisfaction of International Students Enrolled in Student Exchange Programmes in the UK

Topic 5: To Investigate Potential Marketing and Communication Tools to Promote “any country” as the Best Place to Pursue Higher Education.

Topic 6: What are the factors Influencing British Students’ Decision to Join Academic Year Exchange Programme in Japan?

Topic 7: To Examine the Popularity of Student Exchange Programmes Offered by Chinese-speaking Countries.

Topic 8: To Investigate the Attitude and Perception of British Students toward Summer Camps.