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Coastal and marine tourism represents at least 50 percent of total global tourism . It constitutes the largest economic sector for most small island developing states and many coastal states. Securing the long-term sustainability and viability of this sector is critical for the continued prosperity of the destinations and communities that rely on it.

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Tourism and Coastal Development

• Reference work entry
• pp 1002–1009
• Cite this reference work entry

• Marc L. Miller &
• Nina P. Hadley  

Part of the book series: Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series ((EESS))

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Coastal tourism is a process involving tourists and the people and places they visit. It is more specifically defined as tourism brought to bear on the coastal environment and its natural and cultural resources. Most coastal zone tourism takes place along the shore and in the water immediately adjacent to the shoreline. Coastal tourism activities occur outdoors and indoors as recreation, sport and play, and as leisure and business ( Miller and Ditton, 1986 ). As with other human endeavors in the coastal zone associated with development, tourism is viewed positively by some for the opportunities it creates. Others condemn coastal tourism for its unacceptable consequences.

Coastal tourism destinations fall all along an urban-rural continuum (see Demography of Coastal Populations, q.v. ). At one end of the scale are major cities and ports (Hong Kong, Venice, New York, Rio de Janeiro, and Sydney come to mind) known for their cultural, historical, and economic significance. At the other end...

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Cross-references

Aquaculture

Beach Use and Behaviors

Carrying Capacity in Coastal Areas

Coastal Zone Management

Demography of Coastal Populations

Economic Value of Beaches

Environmental Quality

Human Impacts on Coasts

Marine Parks

Tourism, Criteria for Coastal Sites

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Miller, M.L., Hadley, N.P. (2005). Tourism and Coastal Development. In: Schwartz, M.L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_328

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• June 28, 2021

Promoting sustainable coastal tourism in Pakistan

Pakistan is blessed with a diverse coastline which can be an attractive opportunity for tourism. However, there are certain challenges that need to be addressed first to promote sustainable coastal tourism in Pakistan.

The World Bank defines blue economy as “sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of the ocean ecosystem”. Pakistan is blessed with a rich and diverse coastline of almost 1000 km which provides plenty of potential for a thriving blue economy and there are plans underway to facilitate further investments in this domain.

In recent years, Pakistan has taken many decisive measures to achieve its sustainable development targets. However, the coastal ecosystem has received little attention and there are plenty of dire consequences waiting to happen.

Human activity has already deteriorated the health of oceans across the world. Moreover, technological innovation and scientific discoveries cannot keep up with the scale of industrial activity that is affecting the oceans.

The future of our world’s oceans is at a critical point with coastal resources being threatened by land-based activities. A 🆕 @UNEPIRP #CoastalResources study on the "blue economy" explains more https://t.co/H3z4ll5a5N pic.twitter.com/UELtlUKcoj — UN Environment Programme (@UNEP) June 23, 2021

Addressing the challenges

The need to support research on oceans has become even more crucial because of climate change. Being one of the most vulnerable countries, Pakistan has to carefully undertake the development of its coastal regions. More importantly, the government has to regulate and bring under control all the human activities that are causing coastal and marine pollution.

Untreated wastewater and industrial waste end up in the ocean which leads to economic, health, and biodiversity losses. In order to preserve the ecosystem, urgent actions are required such as enhancing the waste management capability of cities, encouraging recycling and banning plastic products, creating public awareness, and sewage treatment. Moreover, environmental regulations need to be strictly enforced and industries should be given incentives to shift towards eco-friendly practices.

As stated above, there is a huge potential of expanding Pakistan’s blue economy but the social and environmental costs could be much higher than the benefits if the challenges are not addressed. Rather than focusing on pollution-intensive industries, more sustainable economic activities should be promoted in the coastal areas.

Developing sustainable coastal tourism in Pakistan

Pakistan’s tourism sector has grown rapidly in recent years but coastal tourism is so far constrained due to limited options and difficult access. If this sector grows sustainably in the coming years then it can make a significant contribution to the economy and promote the country’s image as well.

The majority of Pakistan’s coastal line lies in Balochistan which is mostly uninhabited. Due to lack of human activity, the coastal areas of Balochistan are well preserved and have the potential to be attractive tourist destinations.

Government should facilitate sustainable development of tourist destinations in those areas. Tourist accommodations are also a source of wastewater therefore treatment plants should be set up in those areas. Moreover, only a limited number of sites should be developed to protect the oceans from over-tourism.

Countries that are heavily dependent on coastal tourism have already adopted measures to make the industry more sustainable.  Environmental Impact Assessments  are now increasingly carried out in this sector across the world. The sensitivity of the location determines the criteria and keeping in view Pakistan’s vulnerability, the coastal areas need to be regarded as highly sensitive.

Environmental degradation

The environmental degradation caused by unchecked tourism accommodation development in Pakistan’s northern areas is clearly visible. Due to the huge demand for affordable accommodation during the peak periods, many small-scale hotels have been built. Such projects do not pass through any scrutiny which leads to environmental, biodiversity, and even aesthetics losses.

Moreover, cutting down trees to make way for hotels has been a source of soil erosion and landslides. The tourism departments and hotels must learn from past mistakes and recognize their role in preserving the environment.

Many international organizations and countries with coastal lines have adopted the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) approach which aims to engage the social and economic stakeholders to design and implement sustainable growth strategies in the coastal regions.

Other than supporting eco-friendly development in coastal areas, this approach can also help in promoting secure and sustainable livelihoods for local communities and raise awareness about environmental issues.

Mangrove forests crucial for coastal tourism in Pakistan

Along with carefully planning future development projects, there is an urgent need to improve the waste management and sewage infrastructure of Karachi to limit coastal pollution. The hospitality industry of the city should also play its part by adopting environmentally friendly practices.

Given the population and industrial dynamics of the city, any strategy to promote sustainable coastal tourism will not achieve the desired results if the situation of Karachi is not urgently addressed.

Similarly, mangrove forests require special attention as they serve critical economic and environmental purposes. In recent years, rising population and pollution along with a reduction in freshwater from the Indus river has brought the mangroves ecosystem under stress. This would compromise their capability of preventing coastal erosion and providing livelihood to local communities.

Mangrove forests cover an area of 600,000 hectares in Sindh which offers an opportunity to promote sustainable tourism activities. Mangrove tourism has gained interest in recent years across the world due to the unique boating, live fishing, bird, and wildlife viewing experience it offers to visitors.

It is considered to be a multi-billion dollar industry and is expected to grow in the coming years. Sustainable tourist activities can generate alternate economic opportunities for locals which will reduce the exploitation of forests.

Pakistan’s young population is fond of adventure tourism which can also be facilitated through developing facilities in the coastal areas. To preserve the coastal environment, activities such as swimming, snorkeling, and sailing should be promoted instead of those which require fuel combustion. Such activities are also very attractive for foreign tourists who are no longer shying away from visiting Pakistan.

If undertaken seriously, sustainable coastal tourism will help Pakistan in diversifying its economy and create long-lasting social and environmental benefits.

Ali Haider Saleem has worked with the Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad (ISSI) and National Defense University (NDU). His research interests lie in sustainable development, regional integration, and security cooperation. He has studied public policy at Queen Mary University of London and economics at NUST, Islamabad. The views expressed in the article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the editorial policy of Global Village Space. 

This article was originally shared by Global Village Space.

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Health tourism and health promotion at the coast

In this chapter we discuss the role of the coast in health tourism and for health promotion. In the rst section an overview is given of the recent literature regarding the coast as a therapeutic landscape and health eects of the coast; in the second section a short genealogy is given on the developments of coastal health tourism; in the third section coastal health tourism is framed in the broader debate on medicalisation, lifestyle and consumerism and the growing body culture. In the next section a case study is presented of the construction of the province of Zeeland in the Netherlands into a ‘healthy region’, in which health tourism is an essential part. We conclude with some recommendations, both for further research and for the tourist industry.

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Ningbo releases tourism routes, launches food promotion in Shanghai

A tea plantation provides a picturesque scene.

If you are looking for a short getaway from Shanghai for the upcoming May Day holiday, the coastal city of Ningbo in neighboring Zhejiang Province is a tempting option.

Far away from the urban treadmill, the Haishu District of Ningbo unveiled eight tourism routes that suit different seasons, on Thursday in Shanghai, and launched a season promoting its food, inviting people in Shanghai to try authentic Ningbo flavors.

The routes guide visitors to admire Haishu's spring floral scenery, follow its cultural and historic trails, experience its idyllic pastoral lifestyle, and sink their teeth into local delicacies.

They combine trendy travel experiences and sports activities to cater to the wide range of demand from tourists, according to Haishu's cultural and tourism authorities.

A road twists and turns back upon itself.

As a core district of Ningbo, Haishu is a silent witness of the Hemudu civilization (5500-3300 BC), and is home to an array of attractions such as Tianyi Ge - translated as Tianyi Pavilion, a private treasure of ancient books; Haishu Tower, also known as Drum Tower; and Nantang Ancient Street.

Tourist attractions such as Zhedong Big Bamboo Sea Scenic Area and Wulongtan Scenic Area, hotels and minsu, and catering venues in Haishu now offer half-price admission and discount accommodation for Shanghai residents through the end of May.

The Haishu Food Promotion Season was launched at the same time, and Ningbo-style restaurants in Shanghai will serve Haishu delicacies with local food ingredients used.

Maoxin Village provides stunning photographs.

Spring Flower Appreciation Route

Jinlu Tea Plantation 金陆茶园 - Tuoshanyan Water Conservancy Project 它山堰 - Dasongwan Ancient Road 大松湾古道 - Zhongpo Mountain Forest Park 中坡山森林公园 - Zhangxi Sakura Park 杖锡樱花公园

Cityboat Route

The route strings together historic bridges, ancient architecture, paddy fields, and rural scenery.

Xiyang Pier 西洋港 - Hongchuan Pier 红船码头 - Water Tower 水塔 - Maoxin Village 茂新村

This takes visitors to explore Haishu street food and dishes such as steamed turtle in crystal sugar soup.

Nantang Ancient Street 南塘老街 - Drum Tower 鼓楼 - Yujiaxiang Historic and Cultural Block 郁家巷历史文化街区 - Tianyi Square 天一广场 - Heyi Avenue 和义大道

A woman displays an item at Ningbo's bazaar in Shanghai.

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Moscow metro to be more tourist-friendly

A new floor sign system at the Moscow metro's Pushkinskaya station. Source: Vladimir Pesnya / RIA Novosti

For many years now, Moscow has lagged behind St. Petersburg when it comes to making life easy for tourists, especially where getting around the city is concerned. Whereas the northern capital installed English-language maps, signs and information points throughout its subway system in the late 2000s, the Russian capital’s metro remained a serious challenge for foreign visitors to navigate.

Recent visitors to Moscow may have noticed some signs that change is afoot, however. In many stations of the Moscow subway, signs have appeared on the floor – with large lettering in Russian and English – indicating the direction to follow in order to change lines. Previously, foreign visitors using the Moscow metro had to rely solely upon deciphering the Russian-language signs hanging from the ceilings.

Student volunteers help tourists find their way in Moscow

However, this new solution has a significant drawback. “The floor navigation is visible only to a small stream of people – fewer than three people per meter. During peak hours, this navigation will simply not be noticed,” said Konstantin Trofimenko, Director of the Center for Urban Transportation Studies.

One of the biggest problems for tourists in the Russian capital remains the absence of English translations of the names of subway stations in the station vestibules and on platforms. The Department of Transportation in Moscow has not commented yet as to when this problem will be solved. However, Latin transliterations of station names can already be found in the subway cars themselves.

Finding the right exit

At four of the central stations – Okhotny Ryad, Teatralnaya, Ploshchad Revolyutsii, Lubyanka and Kuznetsky Most – the city authorities have now installed colorful stands at the exits with schematic diagrams of the station’s concourse and surrounding area, which provide information about the main attractions and infrastructural facilities.

The schematic diagrams are the work of British specialists from the City ID and Billings Jackson Design firms, who have already implemented successful projects in New York and London.

According to Alexei Novichkov, expert at the Design Laboratory at the Higher School of Economics, the design of these information booths raises no objections: The color solutions, font, layout and icons are consistent with international standards.

However, the stands do have some shortcomings. “Many questions are raised about the fact that the developers of these maps did not apply orientation to the north, and have provided layouts of the surrounding areas with respect to the exits,” says Novichkov. “A system like that is used for road navigators, but most of the ‘paper’ guides and maps are oriented strictly to north. The subway map is also oriented to north, so people may become confused.”

Muscovites and foreign visitors are generally positive about these navigation elements, with most of them citing the numbered exits from the subway as the most useful feature.

The fact is that many Moscow subway stations have several exits. One of the busiest central stations of the Moscow subway in particular, Kitay-Gorod, has more than a dozen exits. Previously, these exits were differentiated from each other only with signs in Russian referring to the names of streets and places of interest to which they led – making it easy for tourists and those with poor navigation skills to get confused.

Now, when making an appointment to meet a friend, instead of struggling to find the right spot when they tell you: “I'll meet you at the exit to Solyanka Street,” you can just propose to meet under a specific exit number.

“I’ve lived in Moscow for seven years,” says Angelika, a designer from Voronezh, “but I still don’t always know where to go to find the place I need, so the new schematic diagrams will be very useful. Previously, some subway stations had maps, but not with so much detail.”

Teething problems

Foreigners, meanwhile, focus their attention on other elements. “It is good that the new information boards have QR-codes, which can be ‘read’ by smartphones,” says Florentina, a writer from Vienna. But there are also shortcomings. “The English font of the information on posters and in the captions to theaters and museums is too small – you have to come very close to see it well,” she says.

Pleasant encounters on the streets of Moscow

Florentina was also dissatisfied with the fact that such posters are not provided at all subway stations: “When I was trying to find Tsaritsyno Park (a museum and reserve in the south of Moscow) at a subway station with the same name, it turned out to be quite difficult,” she says.

“There are no maps with landmarks for other areas, such as those already in the city center. There were no clear pointers in the English language, and the passers-by I met did not speak in English, so they could not help me,” she adds.

Officials say that the navigation system is gradually being redeveloped and improved. According to Darya Chuvasheva, a press representative for the Department of Transport of Moscow, the introduction of a unified navigation system will take place in stages.

“By the end of 2014, the system will first appear on the first subway stations on the Circle Line. By the end of 2015, we plan to install the system at all major stopping points, subway stations and transport interchange hubs,” says Chuvasheva.

All rights reserved by Rossiyskaya Gazeta.

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For the first time Rosatom Fuel Division supplied fresh nuclear fuel to the world’s only floating nuclear cogeneration plant in the Arctic

The fuel was supplied to the northernmost town of Russia along the Northern Sea Route.

The first in the history of the power plant refueling, that is, the replacement of spent nuclear fuel with fresh one, is planned to begin before 2024. The manufacturer of nuclear fuel for all Russian nuclear icebreakers, as well as the Akademik Lomonosov FNPP, is Machinery Manufacturing Plant, Joint-Stock Company (MSZ JSC), a company of Rosatom Fuel Company TVEL that is based in Elektrostal, Moscow Region.

The FNPP includes two KLT-40S reactors of the icebreaking type. Unlike convenient ground-based large reactors (that require partial replacement of fuel rods once every 12-18 months), in the case of these reactors, the refueling takes place once every few years and includes unloading of the entire reactor core and loading of fresh fuel into the reactor.

The cores of KLT-40 reactors of the Akademik Lomonosov floating power unit have a number of advantages compared to the reference ones: a cassette core was used for the first time in the history of the unit, which made it possible to increase the fuel energy resource to 3-3.5 years between refuelings, and also reduce the fuel component of the electricity cost by one and a half times. The FNPP operating experience formed the basis for the designs of reactors for nuclear icebreakers of the newest series 22220. Three such icebreakers have been launched by now.

For the first time the power units of the Akademik Lomonosov floating nuclear power plant were connected to the grid in December 2019, and put into commercial operation in May 2020. The supply of nuclear fuel from Elektrostal to Pevek and its loading into the second reactor is planned for 2024. The total power of the Akademik Lomonosov FNPP, supplied to the coastal grid of Pevek without thermal energy consumption on shore, is about 76 MW, being about 44 MW in the maximum thermal power supply mode. The FNPP generated 194 million kWh according to the results of 2023. The population of Pevek is just a little more than 4 thousand, while the FNPP has a potential for supplying electricity to a city with a population of up to 100 thousand people. After the FNPP commissioning two goals were achieved. These include first of all the replacement of the retiring capacities of the Bilibino NPP, which has been operating since 1974, as well as the Chaunskaya TPP, which has already been operating for more than 70 years. Secondly, energy is supplied to the main mining companies in western Chukotka in the Chaun-Bilibino energy hub a large ore and metal cluster, including gold mining companies and projects related to the development of the Baimsk ore zone. In September 2023, a 110 kilovolt power transmission line with a length of 490 kilometers was put into operation, connecting the towns of Pevek and Bilibino. The line increased the reliability of energy supply from the FNPP to both Bilibino consumers and mining companies, the largest of which is the Baimsky GOK. The comprehensive development of the Russian Arctic is a national strategic priority. To increase the NSR traffic is of paramount importance for accomplishment of the tasks set in the field of cargo shipping. This logistics corridor is being developed due regular freight voyages, construction of new nuclear-powered icebreakers and modernization of the relevant infrastructure. Rosatom companies are actively involved in this work. Rosatom Fuel Company TVEL (Rosatom Fuel Division) includes companies fabricating nuclear fuel, converting and enriching uranium, manufacturing gas centrifuges, conducting researches and producing designs. As the only nuclear fuel supplier to Russian NPPs, TVEL supplies fuel for a total of 75 power reactors in 15 countries, for research reactors in nine countries, as well as for propulsion reactors of the Russian nuclear fleet. Every sixth power reactor in the world runs on TVEL fuel. Rosatom Fuel Division is the world’s largest producer of enriched uranium and the leader on the global stable isotope market. The Fuel Division is actively developing new businesses in chemistry, metallurgy, energy storage technologies, 3D printing, digital products, and decommissioning of nuclear facilities. TVEL also includes Rosatom integrators for additive technologies and electricity storage systems. Rosenergoatom, Joint-Stock Company is part of Rosatom Electric Power Division and one of the largest companies in the industry acting as an operator of nuclear power plants. It includes, as its branches, 11 operating NPPs, including the FNPP, the Scientific and Technical Center for Emergency Operations at NPPs, Design and Engineering as well as Technological companies. In total, 37 power units with a total installed capacity of over 29.5 GW are in operation at 11 nuclear power plants in Russia. Machinery Manufacturing Plant, Joint-Stock Company (MSZ JSC, Elektrostal) is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of fuel for nuclear power plants. The company produces fuel assemblies for VVER-440, VVER-1000, RBMK-1000, BN-600,800, VK-50, EGP-6; powders and fuel pellets intended for supply to foreign customers. It also produces nuclear fuel for research reactors. The plant belongs to the TVEL Fuel Company of Rosatom.

Rosatom obtained a license for the first land-based SMR in Russia

On April 21, Rosenergoatom obtained a license issued by Rostekhnadzor to construct the Yakutsk land-based SMR in the Ust-Yansky District of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

ROSATOM and FEDC agree to cooperate in the construction of Russia's first onshore SNPP

ROSATOM and FEDC have signed a cooperation agreement to build Russia's first onshore SNPP in Yakutia.

Rosatom develops nuclear fuel for modernized floating power units

Rosatom has completed the development of nuclear fuel for the RITM-200S small modular reactor designed for the upgraded floating power units.