tourism definition geography a level

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Tourism is the act of travelling to and spending time away from one’s place of residence. It may be done for various purposes such as business, pleasure, recreation, and relaxation. The people that engage in tourism are called visitors, and tourism is the sum of their activities whilst travelling.

Tourism may be domestic (within the traveller’s country of residence) or international.

This ​A-Level Tourism module will enable students to:​

• Define what tourism is
• Identify the different kinds of tourism
• Describe the relationship between tourism and globalisation
• Describe International Tourism
• Understand the growth of tourism in relation to the physical and human landscape
• Know the benefits and disadvantages of tourism
• Understand tourism’s impacts on some cultures and sustainability

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More Human Geography Modules

Tourism is one lesson in our Human Geography module. The other theory lessons can be found below:

Urbanisation

Populations

Cultural Diversity

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What is tourism?

Tourism is the business of providing tours and services for tourists. Tourism is a service industry which employs over 2 million people in Britain.

Tourism is an industry that drives people to travel for leisure and recreation. The growth of tourism has had a dramatic effect on many countries – not just economically, but also environmentally and socially. These impacts have been both positive and negative.

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CIE A-Level Geography Notes

13.3.5 tourism life cycle model.

The model illustrates the various stages a tourist destination undergoes. It highlights how destinations evolve, adapt, and sometimes decline. This understanding is vital for sustainable tourism development, economic planning, and preserving cultural and natural heritage.

Description of the Model

Stages of development, exploration stage.

• Characteristics: The destination is relatively unknown, with minimal tourist numbers. Visitors are usually adventurous or have specific interests like culture or nature.
• Impact: Little impact on the local environment and culture. The interaction between locals and tourists is authentic and personal.

Involvement Stage

• Growth: Increased awareness leads to more visitors. Local residents start providing services like accommodation, food, and guided tours.
• Economic Influence: The local economy begins to benefit from tourism, but the industry is not yet fully developed.

Development Stage

• Rapid Expansion: Marked by significant growth in tourist numbers. Large-scale investment in infrastructure such as hotels, airports, and attractions.
• Changing Dynamics: The relationship between locals and tourists starts to shift. The local economy becomes increasingly reliant on tourism.

Consolidation Stage

• Stabilisation: The growth of tourist numbers begins to stabilise. The destination is well-known and established in the market.
• Challenges: Issues like overcrowding, environmental degradation, and cultural dilution become more apparent.

Stagnation Stage

• Saturation Point: The destination reaches its peak carrying capacity. Attractions may become overused, and the experience may no longer be unique.
• Potential Decline: Without innovation or improvement, the destination risks declining in popularity.

Decline or Rejuvenation Stage

• Decline: A decrease in tourist numbers due to various factors like lack of reinvestment, environmental degradation, or competition.
• Rejuvenation: Destinations can reinvent themselves by updating facilities, introducing new attractions, or rebranding.

Image courtesy of howandwhat.net

Critical Evaluation of the Model

Applicability.

• General Overview: The model provides a simplified overview, useful for understanding general trends in tourism development.
• Strengths: Useful for strategic planning, understanding market trends, and preparing for future challenges.
• Weaknesses: The model may not apply universally. It overlooks factors like political changes, economic crises, or natural disasters.

Strengths and Weaknesses Detailed

• Strengths: It's a strategic tool for anticipating changes in tourism patterns, thus aiding in effective management and planning.
• Weaknesses: The linear progression doesn't always hold true. Some destinations may skip stages or experience them differently due to unique socio-economic or environmental factors.

Case Studies: Life Cycle Stages in Different Destinations

Exploration: bhutan.

• Known for its unique approach to tourism, focusing on sustainability and cultural preservation
• Attraction: Pristine natural beauty and rich cultural heritage.
• Tourism Policy: Strict control on visitor numbers to protect the environment and culture.

Involvement: Porto, Portugal

• Increased popularity following tourism awards and travel articles.
• Local Engagement: Small businesses flourish, offering authentic local experiences.

Development: Cancún, Mexico

• Transformation: From a small fishing village to a major international resort destination.
• Infrastructure: Massive investment in resorts, restaurants, and entertainment facilities.

Consolidation: Venice, Italy

• Tourist Numbers: High, but growth has plateaued.
• Issues: Over-tourism leading to environmental concerns and displacement of local populations.

Stagnation: Bali, Indonesia

• Overuse of Resources: Struggles with water shortages and waste management due to high tourist numbers.
• Cultural Impact: Dilution of local culture and traditions.

Decline: Niagara Falls, Canada and USA

• Competition: Facing challenges from newer destinations offering similar experiences.
• Economic Shifts: Decline in traditional tourist spending patterns.

Rejuvenation: Glasgow, Scotland

• Revival Strategy: Investment in cultural and artistic attractions.
• Rebranding: Focusing on music, art, and food to attract a new wave of tourists.

Application in Tourism Management

• Strategic Planning: Destinations can use the model to anticipate future challenges and opportunities.
• Balancing Development and Sustainability: Understanding the life cycle helps in maintaining a balance between economic growth and environmental conservation.
• Community Engagement: Involving local communities in each stage ensures that tourism development benefits residents and preserves local culture.

Technological advancements have a profound impact on the stages of the Tourism Life Cycle Model, particularly in accelerating the transition between stages and enhancing the sustainability of tourism development. In the early stages, like Exploration and Involvement, technology such as the internet and social media can rapidly increase awareness of a destination, attracting more visitors. Online platforms allow for effective marketing and easy access to travel information, which can shift a destination from a lesser-known state to a popular tourist spot quickly.

In the Development and Consolidation stages, technology plays a key role in improving tourist experiences and managing the impacts of tourism. Innovations in transport and accommodation, such as online booking systems, mobile applications for navigation and local information, and virtual reality tours, enhance visitor satisfaction and accessibility. Furthermore, technology is crucial for sustainable tourism management. For example, data analytics can help monitor tourist numbers and patterns, contributing to better crowd management and resource allocation. Eco-friendly technologies in waste management, renewable energy, and water conservation are vital in mitigating the environmental impacts of tourism.

As a destination approaches the Stagnation or Decline stages, technology can be instrumental in rejuvenation efforts. Digital transformation, innovative tourism offerings like augmented reality experiences, and online reputation management can help rebrand a destination and attract new market segments. Overall, technological advancements play a significant role in each stage of the Tourism Life Cycle Model, influencing the pace of development, the quality of tourist experiences, and the sustainability of tourism practices.

Political factors play a significant role in influencing the stages of the Tourism Life Cycle Model. Stable political conditions, supportive government policies, and investment in infrastructure can accelerate the transition from one stage to another, particularly from Exploration to Development. For instance, a country with a stable government that actively promotes tourism through incentives, marketing campaigns, and investment in infrastructure can quickly develop its tourism sector. Conversely, political instability, such as civil unrest, changes in government, or unfavourable tourism policies, can halt the progress of a destination or even push it into decline. A destination in the Consolidation or Stagnation stage might experience a rapid decline if political unrest makes it unattractive or unsafe for tourists. Moreover, political decisions related to environmental conservation, cultural preservation, and community involvement are crucial in determining whether a destination can sustainably manage its tourism growth and avoid the negative impacts of over-tourism. Thus, political factors can significantly influence how a destination navigates through the various stages of the Tourism Life Cycle and can determine its long-term success and sustainability in the tourism sector.

Yes, a destination can skip stages in the Tourism Life Cycle Model, although this is not common. Skipping stages usually occurs due to rapid changes in external factors such as sudden global recognition, significant investment, or major policy shifts. For example, a destination might leap from the Exploration to Development Stage if it gains sudden international fame (perhaps through a popular movie or a major event) and quickly attracts significant investment in infrastructure and marketing. Another scenario could be a small, relatively unknown location jumping stages due to a government initiative aiming to develop tourism rapidly. However, skipping stages can lead to challenges, such as insufficient infrastructure development, socio-cultural impacts not being adequately managed, or environmental concerns not being appropriately addressed. Such rapid development can sometimes lead to negative consequences, highlighting the importance of gradual, sustainable growth in tourism.

Carrying capacity in the context of the Tourism Life Cycle Model refers to the maximum number of tourists that a destination can accommodate without causing environmental degradation, social disruption, or a decline in the quality of the visitor experience. This concept is particularly relevant in the Stagnation Stage, where destinations often reach or exceed their carrying capacity. When a destination exceeds its carrying capacity, it experiences environmental stress, such as pollution and natural resource depletion, alongside social issues like overcrowding and cultural dilution. Managing carrying capacity effectively is crucial for preventing the decline of a tourist destination. Effective strategies include implementing sustainable tourism practices, diversifying tourism activities to reduce pressure on popular sites, and developing infrastructure that aligns with environmental conservation. Monitoring and adjusting the carrying capacity as a destination evolves through different stages of the Tourism Life Cycle can help sustain its attractiveness and viability in the long term.

Local communities play a crucial role in influencing the Tourism Life Cycle Model, especially during the Stagnation and Decline stages. In these stages, the involvement and empowerment of local communities can be pivotal in rejuvenating a destination and preventing further decline. Community-led tourism initiatives can infuse new life into a destination by offering authentic, culturally-rich experiences that differentiate the destination from others. This can include developing local cultural events, promoting indigenous crafts and cuisine, or offering homestays that provide tourists with a unique insight into the local way of life.

In the Stagnation stage, local communities can help identify the factors leading to decline, such as environmental degradation or loss of cultural integrity, and work towards addressing these issues. By engaging in sustainable tourism practices and advocating for responsible tourism, they can help maintain the destination's appeal and ensure its long-term viability.

In the Decline stage, the revitalisation of a destination often hinges on community engagement and innovation. Locals can spearhead efforts to rebrand the destination, develop new attractions, or improve existing ones. Their involvement ensures that tourism development aligns with the needs and values of the community, thereby creating a more sustainable and resilient tourism model.

Furthermore, community participation in decision-making processes ensures that the benefits of tourism are equitably distributed, enhancing the socio-economic well-being of residents. This can increase local support for tourism, which is crucial for the sustainable development and rejuvenation of a destination. Thus, local communities are key stakeholders in the Tourism Life Cycle Model, particularly in addressing challenges in the Stagnation and Decline stages and in steering destinations towards sustainable and inclusive tourism practices.

Practice Questions

The 'Stagnation Stage' in the Tourism Life Cycle Model signifies a point where a tourist destination reaches its peak capacity, often leading to negative impacts. Taking Venice, Italy as an example, this stage is characterised by overcrowding, environmental degradation, and a strained relationship between tourists and locals. The sheer volume of visitors places immense pressure on Venice's infrastructure, leading to issues like pollution and the erosion of historical sites. Moreover, the influx of tourists disrupts the daily life of residents, causing a cultural shift and potentially diminishing the authentic Venetian experience. The stagnation stage, therefore, poses significant challenges in maintaining the city's cultural integrity and environmental sustainability, necessitating proactive management strategies to mitigate these impacts.

The Tourism Life Cycle Model is effective in providing a generalised framework for understanding the development patterns of tourist destinations. It outlines a predictable sequence of stages that many destinations undergo, from exploration to potential decline or rejuvenation. However, its effectiveness is limited by its linear and simplistic approach, which may not accurately reflect the complexities of real-world scenarios. Destinations are influenced by a multitude of factors such as economic fluctuations, political stability, natural disasters, and cultural trends, which the model does not fully account for. Therefore, while the model offers valuable insights into general trends and potential outcomes, it should be used cautiously and in conjunction with other analytical tools to predict the development patterns of tourist destinations accurately.

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Programmes & Qualifications

Cambridge international as & a level travel and tourism (9395).

• Syllabus overview

Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism (9395) is ideal for those seeking to specialise in this subject. The course encourages learners to appreciate the changing nature of travel and tourism and understand the importance of sustainability in the development and management of the industry. This syllabus:

• enables learners to understand the concepts and theories in travel and tourism and recognise their impact on people, environments and economies
• develops learners’ practical and research skills through planning and organising an actual tourism event, which will contribute to their further study and working in the industry
• Builds on the knowledge and skills developed in Cambridge IGCSE Travel & Tourism (0471) .

The syllabus year refers to the year in which the examination will be taken.

• -->2023 Syllabus (PDF, 461KB)
• -->2024-2026 Syllabus (PDF, 758KB)
• -->2027-2029 Syllabus (PDF, 868KB)

Syllabus updates

We revise our qualifications regularly to make sure that they continue to meet the needs of learners, schools and higher education institutions around the world and reflect current thinking. We have consulted and worked with subject experts to review this syllabus, and made some changes to make it clearer for teachers.

What are the main changes to the syllabus?

To support teachers and learners, we have:

• updated the subject content to reflect current developments in each of the topic areas, adding and removing some sub-topics
• developed subject content for Paper 2 to make it clear about what should be taught.

What are the main changes to the assessment?

• Paper 1 and Paper 2 are now equally weighted at both Cambridge International AS and A Level.
• We have reduced the number of marks for Paper 1 to 75 marks and the duration to 2 hours.
• We have revised the mark schemes for all papers.

When do these changes take place?

The updated syllabus is for examination from June 2024 onwards. Examinations are available in June and November. Please see the 2024-2026 syllabus above for full details.

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We aim to provide a scheme of work and other relevant classroom resources. Example Candidate Responses will be available following the first examination in 2024. Visit the School Support Hub from June 2022 onwards for details.

Endorsed resources

Cambridge International AS & A Level Travel & Tourism (Third edition) (Cambridge University Press)

Equip students with evaluative and analytical skills, with global case studies on topics such as wildlife protection. Varied activities, such as research and student-led presentations, provide opportunities for group/pair work. Digital Teacher’s Resource also available.

Read more on the Cambridge University Press website

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From 2020, we are changing our policy on the resubmission of moderated coursework. You will no longer be able to resubmit moderated coursework for a future series. Find out how this will impact Cambridge International AS and A Level Travel and Tourism (9395)

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Tourism Geography

Introduction, general overviews.

• Progress in Human Geography Reports
• The Institutional Environment Shaping Tourism Geography Education
• Culture and Heritage Tourism
• Tourism and Agriculture
• Economic Geography and Tourism
• Migration and Mobilities
• Destination Place Branding

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Tourism Geography by Deborah Che LAST REVIEWED: 27 April 2017 LAST MODIFIED: 27 April 2017 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199874002-0156

Geography is the ideal discipline for studying the global tourism industry; as the key journal Tourism Geographies (under Journals ) explains, there are many fundamentally geographical aspects to tourism which (1) “occurs in places, (2) is sold and begins in a place of origin and is consumed in destination places, (3) transforms the environment of visited places in ways that are distinct from non-tourism processes, (4) involves the movement of people, goods, services, ideas, and money over space, and (5) presents a distinct way that people view, understand and relate to the world.” Given the inherently spatial aspects of tourism, geographers have contributed significantly to academic tourism studies. They have developed some of the most important conceptual models for explaining tourism development, including resort morphology, the tourist-historic city, and the tourist area life cycle. Additionally geographers have made the most sustained contributions to the study of the environmental dimensions of tourism and have been major contributors to the concepts of sustainable tourism and Ecotourism . Even though it has been at the core of tourism studies and also strengthened geography department enrollments, tourism geography ironically has been somewhat peripheral in academic geography. This status may be due in part to the inertia of academic institutions and staff in not seeing tourism as a serious subject for study, as well as the difficulty in measuring the tourism industry as compared to primary and secondary industries. This bibliography highlights the contributions of tourism geography and geographers to tourism research and education through a review of general overviews, Handbooks , Journals , Progress in Human Geography Reports , and Textbooks and publications on Tourism Geography Education , as well as those on specific topical areas including Culture and Heritage Tourism , Sustainability and Tourism , Migration and Mobilities , Economic Geography and Tourism , and Destination Place Branding .

The sources in this section provide overviews of tourism geography and are references to the extensive literature reviewed. Butler 2004 interweaves personal experiences from Butler’s academic career in geography in Canada and tourism management in the UK in discussing geographical research on tourism before 1950, from 1950–1980 and post-1980 to the early 21st century. His earlier contributions primarily concerned environmental aspects of tourism such as sustainable development, carrying capacity, and limits to use, while his later work diversified into areas including mobilities and movement, regional development, and cultural topics. Hall 2013 reviews contemporary tourism geography and argues that the subdiscipline has been a significant contributor to the melding and hybridity of geographic binaries, especially in the development of more critical applied geographies of environmental change. Hall and Page 2009 identifies themes emerging from the research of geographers, including explaining spatialities, tourism planning and places, development and its critiques, tourism as an “applied” area of research, and future prospects in the development of spatiality in tourism research. Focusing on the state of North American tourism geography, Meyer-Arendt and Lew 2003 highlights the research themes and approaches of members of the Recreation, Tourism and Sport specialty group of the Association of American Geographers. In contrast to the former pieces, which largely focus on tourism geography research published in English, Kreisel 2004 provides an insight into the German geographical research on tourism and leisure which—with the exception of Christaller’s application of his central places theory to tourism and his hypothesis that zones more distant from urban and industrial agglomerations were more favorable for tourism development—is largely unfamiliar to non-German readers. Likewise, Lazzarotti 2002 reviews French tourism geography research outside the Anglo-American dominated academic literature. The general overviews in Butler 2004 , Hall 2013 , and Hall and Page 2009 note that while geography has been foundational to tourism studies, with over one-third of the most cited tourism scholars from 1970–2007 having graduate qualifications in geography ( Hall and Page 2009 ), tourism has been marginalized in academic geography, with few positions in geography departments and barely a mention in key publications on the history of geographical thought. Likewise Butler 2004 (see also Sustainability and Tourism ) found hardly any articles on tourism and recreation were published in the leading geographical journals from 1950–1990. While the 1970s embargo on tourism research at the Annals of the Association of American Geographers ended with a change in editors and policy ( Butler 2004 ), tourism research has remained relatively peripheral in geography as contrasted to geography’s core status within tourism.

Butler, Richard. “Geographical Research on Tourism, Recreation, and Leisure: Origins, Eras, and Directions.” Tourism Geographies 6.2 (2004): 143–162.

DOI: 10.1080/1461668042000208453

Draws on the author’s four-decade involvement in the field of leisure, recreation, and tourism. Uniquely interweaves personal narratives in discussing the diverse research emphases and contributions by geographers; the explosion in tourism programs (mainly in business and management schools); and future contributions possible if a strong spatial focus and a synthesizing approach are maintained.

Hall, C. Michael. “Framing Tourism Geography: Notes from the Underground.” Annals of Tourism Research 43 (2013): 601–623.

DOI: 10.1016/j.annals.2013.06.007

While noting the context in which tourism geography operates as a foundational discipline to the study of tourism (although perceived as marginal to institutional geography) the article argues that tourism geography has been a significant contributor to bridging geographic binaries, including the applied versus theoretical and physical versus human.

Hall, C. M., and S. J. Page. “Progress in Tourism Management: From the Geography of Tourism to Geographies of Tourism—A Review.” Tourism Management 30.1 (2009): 3–16.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.05.014

Provides a review of the state of tourism geography thirty years from when the journal first began publishing articles by geographers; especially timely given the subdiscipline is at a crossroads with the retirement of those who contributed significantly to tourism studies and the emergence of a new generation of tourism geographers.

Kreisel, Werner. “Geography of Leisure and Tourism Research in the German-speaking World: Three Pillars to Progress.” Tourism Geographies 6.2 (2004): 163–185.

DOI: 10.1080/1461668042000208435

This article provides an insight into German-language research in this subdiscipline, from Hans Poser’s 1939 on landscape and tourism regions to current applied foci on sustainable tourism, including strategic resource and quality management planning and the transformation of former industrial landscapes for recreation, leisure, and tourism.

Lazzarotti, Olivier. “French Tourism Geographies: A Review.” Tourism Geographies 4.2 (2002): 135–147.

DOI: 10.1080/14616680210124909

This article provides an historical overview of the French geographical literature on tourism since the end of the 19th century, which has been hampered by academic institutional assumptions of what is/is not geography.

Meyer-Arendt, Klaus J., and Alan A. Lew. “Recreation, Tourism and Sport.” In Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21 st Century . Edited by Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, 526–542. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

A useful overview that identifies the broad tourism geography themes and approaches in which recreation, tourism and sport academics have published, including travel; historical tourism; perception; environmental aspects; destination studies; specialized tourism including cultural, farm, and rural tourism and resorts and marketing; and economic aspects of tourism.

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